ii
wt
ou
^"^
Yxum m\mm of cautoknia '
u
.^^ A
Nr*>t^.^* y^"'
O'^V
R .
JOHN HENRY NASH UBRARY
♦ SAN FRANCISCO ♦
PRESENTED TO THE
UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA
ROBERT GORDON SPROUL.PRESIDEKr. ♦ BT ♦
MilandMrs.MILTON S.RAY CECILY. VIRGINIA AND RDSALYN RAY
AMD THE
RAY OIL BURNER COMPANY
■AM riuwcitco
NBWVORK.
■ ^'>m
._^i
m
f ^ .
Ready in December^ tnedium %vq^ London price 'js, 6^., cloth ; or large paper^ Whatman^ s, handmade^ 15J.
THE BTBr^ IN
THE Caxton Exhibition
Mdccc Lxxvn
Or a bibliographical defcription of nearly
one thoufand reprefentative Bibles in various langu ages chronologically arranged from the firft Bible printed by
Gutenberg in 14 50- 145 6 to the laft Bible printed at the Oxford
Univerfity Prefs the 30th June 1877 With an Introdu6tion on the Hiftory
of Printing as illuftrated by the printed Bible from 1450 to 1877 in which is told
for the firft time the true hiftory and myftery of the Coverdale Bible of 1535
Together with bibliographical notes and collations of many rare Bibles
in various languages and divers verfions printed
during the laft four centuries
Special edition revifed and carefully correfted with additions Flavoured with a fqueeze of the Saturday Review's homily on Bibles
By Henry Stevens Gmb Fsa Ma Etc
Sometimes Student in Yale College in Connefticut in New England Now refiding in London Bibliogra
pher and Lover of Books Fellow of the Royal Geogr& Zoological Societies of London Foreign Member
of the Amer Antiq Society Correfp Memberof the Hiftorical Societies of the States of Maflachufetts New
York Connefticut Maine Vermont New Jerfey Maryland Pcnnfylvania & Wifconfin and Secretary
of State and American Minifter near Noviomagus Blk Bid Athm Club London
And Patriarch of Skull and Bones at Yale Huiverfity
LONDON HENRY STEVENS IV TRAFALGAR SQUARE j^T J SCRIBNER WELFORD & ARMSTRONG NEW-YOrIS.
Messrs Simpkin Marshall & Co Stationers Hall Court London
MdcccLxxviii
v\\ aajaia aHi
vioiTiaiHX^H motxaD aHi
iivxx J oooaM
(iiK^iin io noijqhol^b iBofflqBigoildid b i(
v' bjjniiq oldiS flift oH^ moil fragnBiiB vlkoigolonoirio j>3j
(^J no noii^uboTJnl ns HiiW ^^81 anuf ff30£ 3/iJ sloi^ !i(:>fti3vin ■ ni -'•81 o] o^fi nioli alcliS bojniiq s/ij yd bsutflulli za jiniinii*^ iGi>iavoC) ad] icv^-iflYm bnB ^loftirf 3m) ddt »mij ftift vd) loi
'. .^un:| atioit j-jv trj .'ib bit: asyr.i/afifil rfOOi
ZDonibbii diiw b^liahioD vIIu'^stud bnc bolivai rtorjiba Ifiioaqg rjfdJH n<» 7lifnf;H e'watvu^ vfibiirti;? ad) ^o •^sssupl s rf)iw bnuovsfl
j?H aM A8'? aMO ai^iavaxS YXnaH y£I
|
ft^nnoO ni |
' smfjsfr |
|
i\ljo$1 sri- |
-Ibntv. |
|
■ |
ootA ad: |
|
JjiioY |
■tvwib i >U/ U «->uoll utti. l^iti^ lu iijl«4Ii«t tK)A
>1«
iiivxxJgoobM
CAXTON CELEBRATION,
1877.
This edition is limiUd to one hundred and fifty-sevm am koHd-nuuU paper, of which this is No, / C7 .
I
CCajcton CCelebratton,
1877.
CATALOGUE
OP
THE LOAN COLLECTION OF ANTIQUITIES, CURIOSITIES, AND APPLIANCES
CONNECTED WITH THE
ART OF PRINTING
South Kensington.
EDITED BY GEORGE BULLEN, Esq., F.S.A.
If Keeper of the Printed Booksy British Museum.
LONDON: PRINTED AT THE ELZEVIR PRESS.
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2007 with funding from
Microsoft Corporation
http://www.archive.org/details/catalogueofloancOOcaxtrich
INTRODUCTION.
HE whole English-speaking world cannot fail to feel deeply interested in the Exhibition which is now opened to public view in the Galleries at South Kensington. There can be little doubt, after the researches of Mr. Blades, the biographer of Caxton, that the " Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers" was the first book printed by our first English printer on English soil in the press set up by him in the Almonry at Westminster, just four centuries ago. " The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye " was translated by Caxton from the French of Raoul Le F^vre in 147 1, and was printed by him, in all probability, not long afterwards at Bruges, where Caxton was residing, being the first printed English book. The next printed English book was " The Game and Playe of the Chesse," " Fynysshid the last day of marche the yer of our Lord god. a thousand foure honderd and Ixxiiii." This also, long thought to have been the fii-st book printed at Westminster, has been considered by Mr. Blades to have been printed at Bruges ; the original " Rccueil des histoires de troyes " having been also printed by Caxton, probably in 1476. Thus, to Caxton belongs the honour of having printed not only the first book in English, but the first book in the French language.
iv Carton Celebration*
In 1477, however, appeared " The Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers," " emprynted by me William Caxton, at West- mestre," and it is to celebrate the printing of this volume, in all probability the first-fruit of typography in England, that the pre- sent Exhibition has been inaugurated.
It is to Mr. J. S. Hodson, the indefatigable Secretary of the "Printers' Pension, Almshouse, and Orphan Asylum Corpora- tion," that the credit is due of having originated this celebration. So far back as the year 1847, indeed, the ^^^e Dean Milman, then Canon of Westminster, projected a monument to the memory of Caxton, but the movement was only partially successful, and the funds then collected were appropriated to the support of a " Caxton Pensioner" in connection with the " Printers' Corpora- tion." Every one felt, however, that this was a very inadequate response to the appeal made by Canon Milman. This was espe- cially the feeling of Mr. Hodson, who, as the year 1874 drew nigh, deemed that something further should be done in honour of the memory of Caxton. and for the benefit of decayed mem- bers of the " Printers' Pension Corporation." Like many others he believed that the " Chess Book " was the first book printed at Westminster, and sent forth his circulars accordingly. Among those, however, whom he addressed, was Mr. Blades, who, while he cordially concurred with him in the object he had at heart, re- presented that the year 1877 was the undoubted fourth centenary of the first book printed at Westminster, and recommended that that year should be adopted for the proposed Celebration. Mr. Blades, at the same time, made some valuable suggestions as to the form which the Celebration might properly assume, and the methods by which it might be carried out. Mr. Hodson cordially accepted both the date suggested by Mr. Blades and his other proposals, and it is to the united efforts of these two gentlemen that the success of the present Exhibition — as successful we hope that it may prove — will be mainly due.
The present year having been fixed upon for the Caxton Cele- bration, a Provisional Committee was appointed for carrying it into execution, embracing the following names : —
JntroHuttion^ v
Sir Charles Reed, Chairman ; W. Blades, Esq. ; W. Clowes, Esq. ; J. Coe, Esq. ; W. J. Coe, Esq. ; G. E. Eyre, Esq.; R. C. Nichols, Esq. ; W. Rivington, Esq. ; G. A. Spottiswoode, Esq. ; C. Austen Leigh, Esq. ; W. Spottiswoode, Esq. ; J. C. Wilkins, Esq. ; J. S. Hodson, Esq., Hon. Secretary.
These gentlemen met together towards the end of 1876, in the Directors' Library of the Bank of England, on several occasions to discuss the object they had before them, to elect a general Committee, and solicit the aid of certain distinguished persons as Patrons of the undertaking. On the 17th February, 1877, a very successful meeting was held in the Jerusalem Chamber, not far from the presumed site of Caxton's printing office, at which Dean Stanley presided ; and meetings were subsequently held at the Society of Arts and the Mansion House, at which lists of Patrons were announced, sectional committees formed, and an Executive appointed to conduct the Celebration about to be held. Among the Patrons were Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, His Royal Highness Prince Leopold, the two Archbishops, the Worshipful Company of Mercers, the Worshipful Company of Stationers, His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, Earl Spencer, Earl Stanhope, and numerous other noblemen and gentlemen, including the Governor and Deputy-Governor of the Bank of England.
As the scheme expanded itself, the choice of a fitting place for the Exhibition had to be decided. At first it was thought that the Hall of the Stationers' Company, which had been generously placed at the disposal of the Committee, would suffice ; but this was found too small to accommodate the vast number of exhibits likely to be offered. The Royal Commissioners of the 1851 Exhibition were, therefore, appealed to for the use of the Western Galleries at South Kensington : this they graciously accorded, and granted every facility for arranging the various exhibits as they are now shown.
It was a main feature in this Celebration to collect together and exhibit to the public as many copies of the works of Caxton as could be procured by loan from the various public libraries, and
vi Caj:ton Celebration.
the libraries of noblemen and gentlemen known to be in the pos- session of such treasures. Other objects of kindred interest, such as the productions called Block-books, and the books printed by Caxton's predecessors or contemporaries, were also thought to come appropriately within the scope of the Exhibition. These, also, the Committee agreed to solicit as loans from the several owners, as had been resolved for the Caxtons.
Her Majesty the Queen was among the first to accede to the appeal of the Committee by graciously consenting to send four Caxtons, one of which, " The Doctrinal of Sapience," is on vellum, from the Royal Library at Windsor, also the " Mentz Psalter " on vellum, together with other works of interest, including the Shakspere of 1632, Charles I.'s own copy, with his autograph.
Lord Spencer sent fifty-seven Caxtons, and intimated, through Lord Charles Brudenell-Bruce, who, from the first, took the warmest interest in the proceedings, that the Committee might choose for the forthcoming Exhibition any of the various treasures in his library that might be thought appropriate. The Committee were not slow to accept this generous offer, and gladly availed themselves of Lord Charles Bruce's services in making the selec- tion. The works thus lent comprise not only the Caxtons, but the early Block-books, and the rare woodcut of St. Christopher, the Gutenberg (or Mazarin) Bible (the first book ever printed), the Mentz Psalter, the St. Albans Books, the books of Rood and Hunte, &c., together with a number of works illustrating the development of the Art of Printing in foreign countries, as shown in Class B.
The Duke of Devonshire sent 1 8 Caxtons ; the Earl of Jersey, 6 Caxtons ; Mr. Christie-Miller, 3 Caxtons, the excessively rare Boethiiis, printed at Tavistock, and Pynson's first book printed in England in Roman type; Mr. Amhurst-Tyssen-Amhurst sent 4 Caxtons and i Machlinia ; the University Library at Cam- bridge sent 18 Caxtons, i Colard Mansion, and books by Rood and Hunte and Machlinia. The Bodleian Library sent 7 Caxtons ; Sion College, 6 ; Eton College, 2 ; the Archbishop of Canterbury, 3 ; the Marquis of Ailesbury, i ; Lord Tolle-
gintrotiuction^ vii
mache, i ; the University of Gottingen, 6 ; the University of Ghent, i ; Constance, Marchioness of Lothian, 2 Caxtons ; the Marquis of Lothian, i Colard Mansion ; the Dean and Chapter of York, 3 Caxtons ; the Dean and Chapter of Ripon, 2 ; Mr. Horwood, 2 Machlinias ; Earl Beauchamp, I Caxton ; St. John's College, Oxford, g ; St. John's College, Cambridge, 3 ; Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 2 ; Earl of Leicester, I ; Rev. E. Bankes, i ; Mr. Loveday, i ; Lord Zouche, i ; Rev. J. F. Russell, 3 ; the Bedford General Library, i Caxton, and 2 Indulgences printed by Caxton ; Mr. W. Harrison, i Caxton and 2 Wynkyn de Wordes. Altogether as many as 190 copies of books printed by Caxton have been contributed to the present Exhibition, a number such as never before were gathered together, nor are likely to be again ; and which represent as many as 104 distinct works printed by our first Printer.
As these and other objects poured in, in response to the appeal of the Committee, the following classification was resolved upon and has been carried out in the Exhibition Rooms.
Class A.
223iIIiam Cajcton antj t|)e Debelopment of tfje art of ©rintinc in ©nclanti anti
€)cortanTi»
Section I. — Documents relating to Caxton.
Section II. — Books from the Press of William Caxton and Colard Mansion at
Bruges. Section III.— Books from the Press of William Caxton at Westminster. Section IV. — Books from the Press of Colard Mansion, from whom Caxton acquired
the art. Section V. — Books printed by Caxton's Contemporaries. Section VI. — Books illustrating the progress of Printing in England after Caxton's
death. Section VII.— Books printed in Scotland.
Class B. Zf)t Detjefopment of tf^e art of IPrintinc in JToreicn ^ounttitfs*
Section I. — Impressions from Wooden Blocks.
Section II. — Block Books.
Section III. — Impressions from Moveable Metal Type.
Section IV.— Printed Books.
Section V.— Productions of Native Presses in the East.
¥111 Cajtton Celebratfom
Class C.
Z^t erompacatibc Dctrlopmcnt of t\ft 9rt of IPrinHnd in GncIanD anH JForrian €ounthe0, iUuetrateD bp dpecimenis of ti)e i]i)oIp ftcripturcB ant) Hiturcies.
Section I. — Holy Scriptures. Section II.— Liturgies.
Class D.
ftpfcimenfl noticeable for Raritp or for 33fautH anti excellence of €Epoerapt)p.
Section I. — Unique or rare Books not exhibited in Classes A, B, or C. Section II. — Specimens noticeable for beauty and excellence of typography. Section III.— Facsimile Reproductions.
Class E.
^ecimen0 of IPrintinc*
Section I. — Printing by Steam and Commercial Printing.
Section II. — Newspaper Printing: Early Copies of English Newspapers, arranged in chronological order.
Class F. IPrinteti i$lu0ic*
Section I. — Music printed from Wood Blocks.
Section II. — Music printed from Type, the staff lines in red and the notation in black.
Section III. — Music printed from Type (one printing only).
Section IV, — Tablature, and other modifications of notation.
Section V. — Music printed from Engraved Plates.
Section VI. — Music printed from Stamped Plates.
Section VII. — Music printed by Lithography and other modes not previously classi- fied.
Class G.
ISool 3inu0tration0 anB oti^er ftpecimen0 of enctat)inc0, IPrindnc in erolour0, anD ot{;er ]Proce00e0*
Section I.— Woodcuts.
Section II. — Copper-plates.
Section III. — Printing in Colours from raised Blocks.
Section IV.— Lithographs.
Section V.— Photographs.
Section VI.— Zincographs, Ac.
3|ntrotiuction* ix
Class H.
©ottrait0 anti autocrap?j0 of tJletinguietjen 9ut?)or0, %pf ^founUere, IPrintf re,
anT) 93oob0eIIer0*
Section I. — Portraits in Oil, &c., of Printers.
Section II. — Engraved Portraits of Printers and Publishers.
Section III. — Engraved Portraits of Celebrated Men at one time Printers.
Section IV. — Views, Interiors, &c.
Section V. — Autographs of Printers.
Section VI. — Autographs and Portraits of Literary Men.
Class I. 93OO&0 relatinci; to IPtintina^
Class K. (!rurio0itie0 ann iBi0ceIIante0*
In this Department is exhibited all appertaining to Printers and Printing not readily included in any other class.
Class L. Ztpt ann ti^et IPrintino ;^ateiial0*
SECTibN I. — Old Types, Punches, Matrices, Moulds, and other Type-founders'
Tools. Section II. — Type Casting Machines. Section III. — Types, Plates, and other Materials used in the various processes of
music printing. ^ — Type-fou
Section IV. — Type-founders' Specimen Books (selected).
Class M. fttereotppinc anD dBIectrotgpinc.
Section I. — Apparatus for Stereotyping and Electrotyping.
Section II. — Specimens of Stereotjrpe and Electrotype plates and blocks.
Class N. Copperplate IPrintina, (Litfjocrapl); ann lID|;otocrap|);*
Class O. IPaper anD IPaper<malinQ*
Under this classification the several Books, Engravings, Por- traits, Machines, Curiosities, and other objects contributed to the Exhibition have been catalogued by various members of the sub-
X Caron Celebration*
committees, some of whom have also written brief introductions to the subjects treated of in the different classes.
Thus, in Class A, Mr. Blades, besides cataloguing all the Caxtons and Contemporary English Printed Books, has written a brief notice of Caxton himself, of his relations with Colard Mansion, and his introduction of the Art of Printing into England.
In Class B, Lord Charles Bruce has catalogued the Block- Books and Early Printed Books of Foreign Countries, com- mencing with the first printed book, the Gutenberg or Mentz Bible of 1455 ; and has prefixed to the list an account of the Development of the Art of Printing in Foreign Countries.
Valuable information relating to the efforts of the printers at Utrecht and Alost has been supplied by Mr. Bradshaw, of the University Library, Cambridge.
Under Class C Mr. Henry Stevens has catalogued the valu- able series of Bibles exhibited in the cases, and has written an introduction to the same.
In this Introduction Mr. Stevens has treated at large of the often discussed question — " where and by whom was the Cover- dale Bible printed } " and has put forth very strong reasons in favour of his belief that the printing was executed by Jacob Van Meteren at Antwerp. We cannot, however, in any way support his conclusion that the translation itself was the work of Van Meteren and only revised by Miles Coverdale. The subject being one of great interest, and Mr. Stevens being a great authority in Biblical Bibliography, he has been, of course, al- lowed to treat of the matter in his own way — especially since he has been the first to discover the mention made by Ruytinck of the relations that existed between Van Meteren and Coverdale.
In Class D, Mr. Kershaw has catalogued the specimens notice- able for rarity or for beauty and excellence of typography.
In Class E, Mr. Tuer has catalogued the various specimens of printing by steam, &c. The large and interesting collection of English newspapers exhibited in this sect-ion has been not only lent, but catalogued, by Mr. William Rayner.
3|ntcotiuction. xi
In Class F, Messrs. Littleton, Cummings, and Barrett have catalogued the remarkable specimens of music-printing from the earliest times, and have prefixed an introduction by the last-mentioned.
In Class G, Mr. Reid has catalogued the various woodcuts, copper-plates and other engravings, to which Mr. Daniel Grant has prefixed an introduction.
In Class H, the various portraits, &c. have been catalogued by Mr. Blades.
In Class I, Mr. Overall has catalogued the various works relating to printing, lent by Mr. Blades and others.
In Class K, the curiosities and miscellanies have been cata- logued by Mr. Brabrook.
In Class L, Mr. Talbot Reed has given an account of the " Rise and Progress of Type-founding in England ;" and Mr. Arthur Powell has treated of the "Instruments and Appliances of the Letter-press Printer."
In Class M, Mr. Powell has described the various machines, processes and specimens of stereotyping, electrotyping, &c. He has also described the processes of copper-plate printing, litho- graphy, and photography in Class N.
In Class O, the various specimens of paper and water-marks, have been catalogued and described by Mr. Brabrook.
In Classes A, B, C, and D, Mr. Graves has given general assistance in advising, cataloguing and arranging.
Finally, Mr. Blades has acted as general manager in the arrangement of the Exhibition in the upper rooms ; and Mr. G. Bullen, Chairman of the Sub-committee on Printed Books, has acted as general editor of the catalogue.
Geo. Bullen.
xii Cajcton Celebration.
Ipatron0»
HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
His Royal Highness Princb Leopold, K.G., K.T., F.S.A.
The Worshipful Company of Mercers.
The Worshipful Company of Stationers.
The Right Hon. and Most Rev. the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury.
The Right Hon. and Most Rev. the Lord Archbishop of York.
The Most Rev. the Lord Archbishop of Dublin.
His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K.G., LL.D., F.R.S. {Chancellor of
the Univerfity of Cambridge). His Grace the Duke of Argyll, K.T., P.C., D.C.L. His Grace the Duke of Westminster, K.G. The Most Noble the Marquis of Salisbury, K.G. {Chancellor of the
Univerjity of Oxford). The Most Noble the Marquis of Lorne, K.T., M.P. The Right Hon. the Earl of Aberdeen. The Right Hon. Earl Stanhope, F.S.A. The Right Hon. Earl Spencer, K.G., LL.D. The Right Hon. the Earl of Powis, D.C.L. The Right Hon. Earl Russell, K.G., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.S. The Right Hon. Earl Beauchamp. The Right Hon. the Earl of Leicester, K. G. The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Exeter. The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Lincoln, V.P.S.A. The Right Hon. Sir Thomas White {Lord Mayor of London). The Right Hon. Baroness Burdett-Coutts. The Right Hon. Lord Hatherley, P.C, D.C.L., F.R.S. The Right Hon. Lord Selborne, P.C. Lord Lothian. Lord Ronald Gower.
His Excellency Count Munster {German Amba[fador). His Excellency Baron Solvyns {Belgian Minijier). Edwards Pierrepont, Esq. {United States Minijier). \
Rev. Sir Frederick Gore Ousley, Bart. Sir George Innes, Bart. Sir Charles Isham, Bart. Sir Henry W. Peek, Bart., M.P. Sir Rowland Hill, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S. Right Rev. Bishop Claughton, D. D.
Very Rev. A. P. Stanley, D.D., Dean of Westminster, F.R.S., F.S.A. Very Rev. R. W. Church, M.A., Dean of St. Paul's.
I^atronjj* xiii
IThe Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P., D.C.L., F.S.S. Alfred Tennyson, Esq^ D.C.L. (Poet Laureate). Edward Howley Palmer, Esq., (Governor of the Bank of England). Henry Hucks Gibbs, Esq., F.R.G.S., (Ex-Governor of the Bank of England). John Walter, Esq., M.P. Henry Fawcett, Esq^ M.P. A. J. B. Beresford-Hope, Esq., M.P.
General Committee.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE,
IFho are ex-officio Members of the various Sub-Committees,
Sir Charles Reed, LL.D., F. S.A. (Chairman).
W. Clowes, Efq., F.R.G.S. ^
W. Spottiswoode, Efq., M.A., LL.D., . Treafurers.
F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S )
W. Blades, Efq. John Coe, Efq. Walter J. Coe, Efq. George E. Eyre, Efq., M.A., F.S.A. C. Austen Leigh, Efq., M.A. R. C. Nichols, Efq., F.S.A. George A. Spottiswoode, Efq. John C. Wilkins, Efq.
J. S. HoDsoN, Efq., Hon. Secretary, Grays Inn Chambers^ 20, High Holborn^ W.C.
SUB-COMMITTEES,
T(? whom the arrangement of the various Claffes of the Exhibition is referred,
COMMITTEE I. (Claffes A, B and H.)
George Bullen, Efq., F.S.A. (Keeper of the Printed Books, Britijb Mufeum)^
Chairman. Lord Charles William Brudenell-Bruce. Edwin Freshfield, Efq., M.A., F.S.A. Rev. C. D. GiNSBURG, LL.D. Robert Edmund Graves, Efq., B.A. Alfred Horwood, Efq.
Profeflbr Leone Levi, F.S.A., F.S.S., F.R.G.S. Theodore Martin, Efq., C.B.
xiv Cajcton Celebration.
COMMITTEE I.— {continued).
Rev. W. H. MiLMAN, M.A. {Librarian of Sion College).
W. H. Overall, Efq., F.S.A. {Guildhall Lib. Lond.)
George William Porter, Efq.
J. E. Price, Efq., F.S.A. {Secretary Middlefcx Arcbtto logical Society).
C. Spencer Perceval, Efq., LL.D. {Treajurer Soc. Ant.)
Henry Stevens, Efq., F.S.A. {of Vermont).
Elliot Stock, Efq.
John R. Daniel-Tyssen, Efq., F.S.A.
COMMITTEE II. {Claffes C, D and E.) A. Macmillan, Efq. {Chairman). R. Bagster, Efq. R. K. Causton, Efq. W. Clowes, Jun., Efq. Francis Fry, Efq., F.S.A. W.J. Ingram, Efq., M.P.
S. W. Kershaw, Efq., M.A. {Library y Lambeth Palace). Henry Stevens, Efq., F.S.A. Andrew W. Tuer, Efq. George Unwin, Efq.
COMMITTEE III. {Clafs F.)
Alfred H. Littleton, Efq. (Chairman).
Sir George Elvey, Muf. D. {Organijl, St. George's Chapel, Windfor).
W. A. Barrett, Efq., Muf. B. Oxon, F.R.S.L.
W. Chappell, Efq., F. S. A.
William H. Cummings, Efq.
W. G. CusiNS, Efq. {Majier of the Mufie to the ^een).
W. Henderson, Efq.
Edward J. Hopkins, Efq. {Organijl to the Temple Church).
Charles Kensington Salaman, Efq. {Hon. Mem. Acad. S. Cecilia, Rome ,
Hon. Sec. Mujtcal Affociation). J. Stainer, Efq., M.A., Mus. D., {Organijl, St. Paul's Cathedral).
COMMITTEE IV. {Claffes G and N ) Daniel Grant, Efq. {Chairman). R. H. Blades, Efq. W. H. Bradbury, Efq. N. Cooke, Efq. Edward Dalziel, Efq. H. W. Diamond, Efq,, M.D., F.S.A. Michael Hanhart, Efq. Mason Jackson, Efq.
dPeneral Commfme* xv
COMMITTEE IW .—{continued).
George C. Leighton, Esq.
Andrew Maclure, Efq.
George William Reid, Efq., F.S.A. {Keeper of Prints and Drawings^
Britijh Mufeum). G. Wharton Simpson, Efq., F.S.A. W. Thomas, Efq. Edward Unwin, Efq. Joseph Whitaker, Efq., F.S.A. C. W. H. Wyman, Efq.
COMMITTEE V. {Claffes L and M.)
Benjamin Pardon, Efq. (Chairman).
H. Burt, Efq.
Richard Clay, Jun., Efq.
E. A. CowpER, Efq. Arthur J. Powell, Efq. Andrew H. Reed, Efq., F.R.G.S. Talbot B. Reed, Efq.
John Richard, Efq.
T. W. Smith, Efq. {Cajlon and Co,)
James Freeman Truscott, Efq.
COMMITTEE VI. (Clafes K and O.)
John Evans, Efq., F.R.S., V.P.S.A. (Chairman).
F. p. Barlow, Efq.
E. W. Brabrook, Efq., F.S.A.
Joshua W. Butterworth, Efq., F.S.A.
Edmund N. Haines, Efq.
Rev. W. Sparrow Simpson, D.D., F.S.A.
Samuel Spalding, Efq., F.S.A.
Albert Spicer, Efq.
N. Trubner, Efq.
Lord Alfred Spencer-Churchill.
Sir Sydney H. Waterlow, Bart., Alderman, M.P.
Sir Francis Wyatt Truscott, Alderman.
Sir Henry Cole, K.C.B.
Sir James Philip Lacaita, K.C.M.G.
Sir John Bennett.
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C.S.I., C.B. (Prefident of the Royal Society),
The Rt. Hon. William Henry Smith, M.P. (Firji Lord of the Admiralty).
Rt. Hon. W. E. Forstbr, M.P.
xvi Cai:ton Celebratfom
MoNS. Alkan aIne {Neuilly).
W. Am HURST Tyssen Am hurst, Esq^ F.S.A.
Stephen Austin, Efq. {Hertford).
Edward Baines, Efq. {Leeds),
Dr. Anton Beck {Hofratb ; Director of the Imperial and State Printing
Office y t^ienna). John Bellows, Efq. (Gloucefter). Francis Bennoch, Esq^ F.S.A. John Blackwood, Efq. {Edinburgh). J. C. Bloomfield, Efq. {Chairman, Printers^ Corporation). David Bogue, Efq. W. H. Bonnewell, Efq.
Henry Bradshaw, Efq., M.A. {Univerjity Librarian, Cambridge). Herren Breitkopf and Hartel {Leipzig). J. C. Brevoort, Efq. {AJior Library, New T'ork). Mr. E. J. Brill {Leiden). Herr F. a. Brockhaus (Leipzig). Vincent Brooks, Efq. R. K. Burt, Efq. Herr W. Buxenstein {Berlin).
Dr. M. F. a. G. Campbell {Keeper of the Royal Library at the Hague). Thomas Carlyle, Efq. MoNS. A. Chaix {Paris). MoNs. Gabriel Charavay {Paris). George W. Childs, Efq. {Philadelphia). M. GusTAVE Chouquet {Confervatoire de Mujique, Paris), Samuel Christie-Miller, Efq. Dr. F. Chrysander {Hamburg. MoNS. Jules Claye {Paris).
C. J. Clay, Efq., M.A. {Cambridge Univerjity Prefs). W. Charles Knight Clowes, Efq., M.A. Wentworth L. Cole, Efq. N. Mac Coll, Efq. J. Payne Collier, Efq., F.S.A. W. H. Collingridge, Efq. Rev. C. C. Collins {Prejident of Sion College). T. Constable, Efq. A. Constable, Efq. {Edinburgh). Rev. H. O. CoxE, D.D. {Bodley's Librarian, Oxford). Joseph Cundall, Efq. George Dalziel, Efq.
Warren De La Rue, Efq., M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., V.P.C.S., F.R.A.S. M. Leopold Delisle {DireSlor, National Library, Paris). MoNS. A. FiRMiN Didot {Paris),
(Beneral Committee* xvii
W. Hepworth Dixon, Efq., F.S.A. Gen. John Eaton {CommiJJioner of Education y Wajhington). Mr. JoH. Enschede {Haarlem).
Mr. A. J. Ensched^, Dr. Jur. {Keeper of the Archives at Haarlem). J. Fenton, Efq.
B. Edgington Fletcher, Efq. (Norwich). Schriftgiesserei Flinsch (Frankfort-on-the-Main). BiRKET Foster, Efq. P. Le Neve Foster, Efq., M.A. Dr. Frankland, F.R. S. Alexander Eraser, Efq. {Edinburgh). Herr Carl Fromme {Court Printer^ Viennd). Henry Frowde, Efq. Thomas Dixon Galpin, Efq. Professor Gladstone, F.R.S. Herr Theod. Goebel {Stuttgart). George Grove, Efq., D.C.L., F.R.G.S. MM. Hachette & CiE. {Paris).
MoNS. Ferd. Van der Haeghen {Univerjtty Library y Ghent). Ed. Pickard Hall, Efq., M.A. {Clarendon Prefs, Oxford). Herr Eduard Hallberger {Stuttgart). Henry Hansard, Efq.
Edward Hanson, Efq. {Edinburgh). *
H. Harrild, Efq. H. Harrild, Jun., Efq. James W. Harrison, Efq. Abel Heywood, Efq. {Manchefter). John Heywood, Efq. {Manchefter).
Daniel Hill, Efq. {P reft dent of the Sacred Harmonic Society). Herr Gustav Hirsch {Mayence). Richard Hoe, Efq. (New Tork). R. R. Holmes, Efq., F.S.A. (IVindfor Caftle). Herr Adolf Holzhausen (Univerftty Printery Vienna). H. O. Houghton, Efq. (Riverftde Prefsy Cambridgey U.S.) ProfefFor Huxley, LL.D., F.R.S.
Herren Gebruder Janecke and F. Schneemann (Hanover). Ben Johnson, Efq. (Tork).
J. Winter Jones, Efq., F.S.A. (Principal Librarian, Britiftu Mufeum). Rev. S. Flood Jones, M. A. Herren Gebruder Kroner (Stuttgart). Dr. A. M. Ledeboer (Devantery Holland). John Leighton, Efq., F.S.A.
S. S. Lewis, M.A., F.S.A. (Fellow and Librariany Corp. Chris. Coll.y Cam.) Rev. H. P. LiDDON, D.D. (Canon of St. PauPs).
b
xviii Carton Celrttatfom
Rev. J. B. LiGHTFOOT, D.D. {Canon of St, Pau/*s).
Henry W. Longfellow, D.C.L.
William Longman, Efq., F.S.A.
Rev. A. L6wY.
Rev. W. H. Lyall, M.A.
James Macaulay, Efq., LL.D. {Editor of" Lei/ure Hour").
MoNS. Alfred Mame {Tours).
Rev. Samuel Manning, LL.D.
Rev. Profeflbr D. W. Marks.
David Marples, Efq.
JosiAH Marples, Efq. {Liverpool).
Horace B. Marshall, Efq., C.C., F.R.G.S.
Julian Marshall, Efq.
William Maskell, Efq.
George H. Mason, Efq., C.C.
F. C. Mathieson, Efq.
John Miller-Richard, Efq.
— G. H. Moore, Efq., LL.D. {Lenox Library y New Tork). Mr. Frederick Muller {Amfterdam).
Joel Munsell, Efq. {Albany^ U.S.)
Peter Murphy, Efq. {Dub/in Vniverjitj Prefs),
— Neil, Efq. {Edinburgh).
The Hon. and Rev. L. Neville, M.A. {Mafter of Magdalen College,
Cambridge). T. W. Newton, Efq. {Library, Royal School of Mines), Serjeant Parry. '*-W. F. Poole, Efq. {Public Library, Chicago). Wyndham S. Portal, Efq.
Rev. Bartholomew Price, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. {Oxford). J. C. Rait, Efq. P. Ranken, Efq.
Andrew Reid, Efq. {NetocaJile-on-Tyne). Thomas Richards, Efq. {Government Printer, Sydney). Cavaliere Giulio Ricordi {Milan). W. Rider, Efq. Wm. Rivington, Efq. J. R. Robinson, Efq.
MoNs. C. RuELENs {Royal Library, Brujfels). Rev. J. Fuller Russell, B.C.L., F.S.A.
— The Hon. Stephen Salisbury {Pres. Amer, Ant. Soc, Woreefler, V.S,)
— Lloyd P. Smith, Efq. {Philadelphia),
William Smith, Efq., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., V.P.S.A. Alfred Southey, Efq. Herbert Spencer, Efq.
(Beneral Committee* xix
-—A. R. Spofford, Efq. (Librarian ofCongrefs, U.S.)
W. W. Sprague, Efq.
W. Spurrell, Efq. (Carmarthen).
Rev. John Stoughton, D.D.
Joseph Tanner, Jun., Efq. (Frome).
Herr B. G. Teubner (Leipzig).
Mr. P. A. TiELE (Keeper of the Books of the Univerjity Library at Leiden).
Anthony Trollope, Efq. —J. Hammond Trumbull, Efq. LL.D. {IVatkinfon Library ^ Hartford^ U.S.)
MoNS. H. J. Tucker (Paris).
G. I. F. TuppER, Efq.
Profeffor Tyndall, LL.D., F.R.S.
F. Ullmer, Efq.
James Virtue, Efq.
Cornelius Walford, Efq., F.S.A.. F.S.S.
Philip Waterlow, Efq.
Charles J. Whittingham, Efq. ^^usTiN WiNSOR, Efq. (Public Library, Bofton, U.S.)
B. Winston E, Efq.
C. H. Wright, Efq. J. B. Wolf, Efq.
Rev. F. Barham Zincke (Prefident of the Education Society).
Class A.
WILLIAM CAXTON AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE ART OF PRINTING IN ENGLAND
AND SCOTLAND.
HE collection of books here arranged is so complete, and illustrates so thoroughly the typographical career of Caxton, that it seems appropriate to include in the prefa- tory remarks a short biography of the printer.
The original documents having a direct reference to the life of Caxton are few, the most important being the prologues and epilogues written by himself, and appended to his various publications as they passed through the press.
Caxton was bom about 1422 in the Weald of Kent, and received a good education in his youth. In 1438 he entered as an apprentice into the household of Alderman Robert Large, a wealthy mercer, who lived in a spacious mansion at the comer of the Old Jewry, nearly opposite the end of Basinghall Street. In 1441 Large died, and Caxton, to whom he left a small legacy, was turned over to a new master, and probably at once went to Bruges, then the capital of the dominions of the Duke of Burgundy, and the centre of the wool trade, wool being the staple article dealt in by mercers. Here Caxton must have been successful in trade, as in 1446 he was surety for a fellow mercer in a sum equal to ^£"1,500 of our present money. In 1462 he appears as " Governor of the English Nation Abroad," a most important position, which gave him authority over all the English merchants in the Duke's dominions, who were associated together as "merchant adventurers." The head-quarters of this company were in London, at Mercers' Hall, a large majority of
B
2 Ca;cton Celebratfon*
them being mercers. In 1464 he was nominated with Sir Robert Whitehill as ambassador to the Duke of Burgundy concerning a trade treaty, several of the letters to and from Caxton on this important matter being still preserved in the archives of the Mercers' Company. In 1468 took place at Bruges the marriage between the Princess Margaret of York, sister of King Edward IV., and Charles, Duke of Burgundy, and at this time Caxton probably attracted the notice and gained the goodwill of the Duchess of Burgundy. The same year Caxton was again chosen to act with two other mercers as ambassador to the Duke on trade arrange- ments. In March, 1469, Caxton appears for the first time in a literary capacity as translator of a few leaves of " Le Recueil des Histoires de Troye," a tale compounded of mythology, love, and " deeds of arms," but, dissatisfied with the attempt, he put them by without, as he says, any intention of completing the translation. In 1469 Caxton was still governor at Bruges, judgment being given in a dispute between an Englishman and a Genoese merchant in his name. It is dated May 1 2th, and is the latest notice of him in his official capacity. On the 13th August of the same year the town council of Bruges made him a present of wine. In 1470 the English king, Edward IV., took refuge in Bruges from the machinations of the Earl of Warwick, and at this time Caxton was doubtless of great use to his countrymen in their need. The exact date when Caxton entered the service of the Duchess of Burgundy is unknown. It must, however, have been about 1470, as in March of the succeeding year he was receiving a yearly salary and other benefits. It is probable that at this time he married. In March, 147 1, the Duchess commanded him to continue his translation of " Le Recueil," which he did with alacrity, for although at one time at Ghent and then at Cologne, the task was not neglected, till on the 19th September in the same year he offered to his royal mistress a complete manuscript copy of " The Recuyell of the Histories of Troye." The romance was a success, and many of the English lords required copies, so that Caxton wearied both hand and eye in trying to satisfy them. How long he supplied manu- script copies before he thought of printing is unknown, but it was about 1474-75 that the first printed edition was completed. This was done, as all the typographical minutiae of the books prove, by the aid of Colard Mansion, the first printer at Bruges, and in passing this book through the press Caxton made his first essay as a printer. The next year saw the issue of the "Chess-book," and in 1476, or early in 1477, Caxton left Bruges, and settled as a printer at Westminster, under the shadow of the Abbey. Here until his death, in 149 1, he published at least ninety- nine works, of which ninety are represented in this collection by original copies, and nine in fac-simile.
Concerning the arrangement and sequence of the copies a few words must be said.
Cla00 ja*— Ca;cton atiD 3Det)elopment of tje ^rt* 3
Of all the books issued by Caxton, only one-third have the date of imprint plainly stated. Placing these dated books by themselves in chronological order, we find that they naturally fall into eight clearly defined classes : —
Type No. i. — The Bruges-printed books, for which one type only was used, which makes its first appearance in " The Recuyell."
Type No. 2. — The first type used at Westminster, of which the first edition of "The Dictes," 1477, is the representative. It lasted no longer than the end of 1478, after which it disappears.
Type No. 2*. — A re-cast of No. 2, with variations, lasting from " The Cordial" in 1479 to "Tully," 1481.
Type No. 3 was used from 1479 ^o ^4^4i ^or head-lines. It was a Missal type and unsuited for the text of books generally.
Type No. 4 makes its first appearance in "The Chronicles" of 1480. and goes out of use with the " Confessio " in 1484.
Type No. 4* is a re-cast of No. 4. It appears first in the " Knight of the Tower," 1483, and last in "Paris and Vienne," December, 1485, although it is probable that books without date were printed in it for two years later.
Type No. 5 begins with the " Book of Good Manners," 1487, the last dated book being the " Doctrinal " of 1489.
Type No. 6 (which is No. 2 altered) comes in with " Fayts of Arms," 1489, and lasts over Caxton's death, being used by his successor, Wynken de Worde.
We have here evidently a good foundation for classification, the data of which may still further be multiplied by noticing some of the typo- graphical habits of the workmen. For instance : —
The practice of printing books with lines of an uneven length, a sure sign of an infant press, and found in all Caxton's first productions, was entirely discontinued in 1480.
The use of printed signatures is a proof that the book in which they occur was not earlier than 1480.
The paragraph mark was not used by Caxton until the year 1483.
The great device was first used in 1487, and the small device at once shows the book to be printed after Caxton's death.
Woodcut embellishments began with Parvus Catho in 1480, and printed initials in 1483.
If now we take the mass of undated books, and arrange them accord- ing to their types and the above signs of date, we obtain the chronolo- gical sequence of the following list, which includes everything at present known to have been issued from the Press of William Caxton.
Carton Celebration.
Type No. i. At Bruges.
The Recu^ell of the Histories of Troye. Folio. 1474. i. Lc Recueil des Histoires de Troye. Folio. 1475-6.
ii. The Game of the Chesse. Folio. 1st edition. 1476.
V. Les fais de Jason. Folio. 1476.
V. Meditacions. Folio. 1478.
Type No. 2. At Bruges. vi. Les quatre derrenieres choses. Folio. 1476.
Type No. 2. At Westminster.
vii. The Dictes and Sayings. Folio. 1st edition. 1477.
viii. History of Jason. Folio. 1477.
ix. Horse. 1st edition. 8vo. 1477-78.
X. Canterbury Tales. 1st edition. Folio. 1477-78.
xi. Moral Proverbs. Folio. 1478.
xii. Propositio Joh. Russell. 4to. 1478.
xiii. Stans Puer. 410. 1477-78.
xiv. Parvus Catho. 1st edition. 4to. 1477-78.
XV. Parvus Catho. 2nd edition. 4to. 1477-78.
xvi. Horse, Sheep, and Goose, ist edition. 4to. 1477-78.
xvii. Horse, Sheep, and Goose. 2nd edition. 4to. 1477-78.
xviii. Infancia Salvatoris. 4to. 1477-78.
xix. The Temple of Glass. 4to. 1477-78.
XX. The Chorle and the Bird, ist edition. 4to. 1477-78.
xxi. The Chorle and the Bird. 2nd edition. 4to. 1477-78.
xxii. The Temple of Brass. 4to. 1477-78.
xxiii. The Book of Courtesy. 1st edition. 4to. 1477-78.
xxiv. Anelida and Arcite. 4to. 1477-78.
XXV. Boethius. Folio. 1477-78.
Type No. 2.* At Westminster.
xxvi. Cordyale. Folio. 1479.
xxvii. Fratris Laur. Gul. de Saona. Folio. 1480.
xxviii. Dictes and Sayings. 2nd edition. 1480.
xxix. An Indulgence. 148 1.
XXX. Parvus et Magnus Catho, by Burgh. Folio. 1481.
xxxi. Mirrour of the World. Folio. 1481.
xxxii. Reynart the Fox. Folio. 1481.
xxxiii. Tully of Old Age. Folio. 1481.
xxxiv. The Game of the Chesse. Folio. 1482.
Type No. 3. At Westminster.
XXXV. A Hand-bill. 1478.
XXX vi. Directorium Sacerdotum. 4to. 1st version. 1477-78.
xxxvii. Horae. 2nd edition. 4to. 1480-83.
xxxviii. Psalterium. 410. 1480-83.
Type No. 4. At Westminster.
xxxix. Chronicles. Folio, ist edition. 1480.
xl. Description of Britain. Folio. 1480.
xli. Curia Sapientiae. Folio. 1481.
xlii. Godfrey of Bulloyii. Folio. 1481.
Cla00 0.— Ca;cton and SDettlopment of t^e Slvu
xliii. An Indulgence. 1481.
xliv. Chronicles. Folio. 2nd edition. 1482.
xlv. Polychronicon. Folio. 1482.
xlvi. Pilgrimage of the Soul. Folio. 1483. (Partly in type No. 4*.)
Type No. 4.* At Westminster.
xlvii. A Vocabulary. Folio. 1483.
xlviii. The Festial. ist edition. Folio. 1483.
xlix. Quatuor Sermones. ist edition. Folio. 1483.
1. Servitium de Visitatione. 4to. 1480-83.
li. Sex Epistolae. 4to. 1483.
lii. Confessio Amantis. Folio. 1483.
liii. Knight of the Tower. Folio. 1484.
liv. Caton. Folio. 1484.
Iv. Golden I^end. ist edition. Folio. 1484.
Ivi. Death-bed Prayers. Folio. 1484.
Ivii. The Fables of y^sop. Folio. 1484.
Iviii. Order of Chivalry. 4to. 1484.
lix. Canterbury Tales. 2nd edition. 1484.
Ix. Book of Fame. Folio. 1484.
Ixi. The Curial. Folio. 1484.
Ixii. Troilus and Creside. Folio. 1484.
Ixiii. The Life of our Lady. Folio. 1484.
Ixiv. Life of St. Winifrede. Folio. 1485.
Ixv. King Arthur. Folio. 1485.
Ixvi. Charles the Great. Folio. 1485.
Ixvii. Paris and Vienne. Folio. 1485.
Ixviii. Golden Legend. 2nd edition. Folio. 1487.
Type No. 5. At Westminster.
Ixxi. Book of Good Manners. Folio. 1487.
[Ixxii. Sarum Missal. Printed for Caxton at Paris. Folio. 1487.]
Ixxiii. Speculum. 1st edition. 1487.
Ixxiv. Directorium. 1st edition of second version. Folio. 1487.
Ixxv. Horae. 3rd edition. 8vo. 1488.
Ixxvi. Royal Book. Folio. 1488.
Ixxvii. Image of Pity. 4to. 1489.
Ixxviii. Doctrinal of Sapience. Folio. 1489.
Ixxix. Speculum. 2nd edition. Folio. 1490.
Ixxx. Commemoracio Lamentationis. 410. 1491.
Ixxxi. Servitium de Transfiguracione. 4to. 1491.
Ixxxii. Horae. 4th edition. 1491.
Type No. 6. At Westminster.
Ixxxiii. Fayts of Arms. Folio. 1489.
Ixxxiv. Statutes of Hen. VII. Folio. 1489.
Ixxxv. Govemal of Helthe. 4to. 1489.
Ixxxvi. Reynart the Fox. 2nd edition. 1489.
Ixxxvii. Blanchardyn and Eglantine. Folio. 1489.
Ixxxviii. Four Sons of Aymon. Folio. 1489.
Ixxxix. Directorium. 2nd edition of second version. Folio. 1489.
xc. Eneydos. Folio. 1490.
xci. Dictes and Sayings. 3rd edition. 1490.
6 Cajcton Celebration*
xcii. Mirrour of the World. 2nd edition. 1490.
xciii. The xv. Oes. 4to. 1490-
xdv. Diverse ghostly Matters. 4to. 1490.
xcv. Arte and Crafte. Folio. 149 1.
xcvi. Festial. 2nd edition. Folio. 1491.
xcvii. Four Sermons. 2nd edition. Folio. 149 1,
xcviii. Ars Moriendi. 4to. 1491.
xcix. Book of Courtesy. 2nd edition. 1491.
c. Chastising of God's Children. Folio. 1491. And the Treatise of Love. Folio. 1 49 1.
By Caxton's Executors. Westminster.
ci. Life of St. Katherine. Folio. 1493.
cii. Golden Legend. 3rd edition. Folio. 1493.
ciii. Siege of Rhodes. Folio. 1493-94-
William Blades.
Section L
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATING THE LIFE OF WILLIAM CAXTON.
ERCERS' Records. Wardens' Accounts.
Lent by the Worshipful Company of Mercers. Under the i6th year of Henry VL (1437-38) :
** Item John Large ) les apprentices de
Item William Caxston f Robert Large, iiij s." This was the fee for apprenticeship.
2. Mercers' Records. Acts of Court.
Lent by the Worshipful Company of Mercers. A letter sent by the Court of the Merchant Adventurers to William Caxton, Governor of the English Nation beyond the sea. It is endorsed : "A lettre send ou to Caxton gounor." and begins : ** Right trusty Sir, We grete youe well."
3. Churchwardens' Accounts of Saint Margaret, Westminster.
Lent by the Rector and Churchwardens. Among the Receipts in 1491 is the following :
"Item. At bureying of William Caxton for iiij Torches — yjj. viij</. Item. For the Bell atte same Bureying — vj</." Caxton's name appears also three times as auditor of the parish accounts.
4. The Wardens' Accounts of the Guild of our Lady, St. Margaret's Westminster. 15th cent L^nt by the Rector and Churchwardens.
This volume shows the connection of the Westminster Guild with the Wool Staple and with the Mercers' Company. It also contains in the later years several interesting entries of charges for work done by Pynson and other early typc^raphers.
Cla0j2( ^.— Ca;cton anD 3Detjelopment of tje Situ 7
A Photograph of a MS. supposed to be in Caxton's autograph.
Presented by the Hon. and Rev. A. Nevile. It is a translation of the loth to the 15th books of Ovid's Metamorphoses, and was doubtless intended for the press, and perhaps printed. No printed copy, nor even a fragment has yet been found, but the following Colophon here exhibited leads to the hope that a copy will some day be discovered. "Translated and fynysshed by me William Caxton at Westmestre the xxij day of Apryll, the yere of our lord m. iiijc iiijxx "-(1480). The original is in the Pepysian Library, Cam- bridge.
Section II.
THE PRESS OF WILLIAM CAXTON AND COLARD MANSION AT BRUGES.
Books Printed in Type No. i.
6. EFEVRE, Raoul. The Recuyell of the Histories of Troye. Translated 1469-71. Without place or date of printing, but probably at Bruges about 1474. Folio.
Lent by the Duke of Devonshire. In a glass case alone on a velvet cushion, being the first book printed in the English language, during the printing of which, as Caxton says in the Epilogue to Book II., he learnt his new art. This copy has the autograph of Elizabeth Grey, Queen of Edward IV., and cost 1,000 guineas at the Roxbur^he Sale in 1812. The original vellum cover is bound up with it.
7. Lefevre, Raoul. The Recuyell of the Histories of Troye. A second
copy. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First page, printed in red ink.
7 •.Lefevre, Raoul. The Recuyell of the Histories of Troye. A third copy.
8. Lefevre, Raoul. The Recuyell of the Histories of Trove. A fourth copy, Lent by the President and Governors of Sion Collegey London.
Last page.
9. Cessolis, Jacobus de. The Game and Play of the Chess, moralised. First edition. Translated in 1474. Without printer's name, date, or place, but about 1475. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer,
This also was probably printed at Bruges by Caxton and Mansion. First page.
There is very little about chess in the work, each separate piece being used merely as a peg whereon to hang an anecdotical essay on the various duties of mankind.
8 Carton Celebration*
10. Cessolis, Jacobus de. The Game and Play of the Chess, moralised. A third copy. Lent by the Duke of Devonshire.
11. Lefevre, Raoul. Le Recueil des Histoires de Troye. Compose en Ian de grace, 1464. Without printer's name, place, or date, but probably printed at Bruges about 1476. Folio.
Lent by Her Majesty the Queen. First page. This is the first book printed in French, and is believed by many English bibliographers to have been printed by Colard Mansion.
12. Lefevre, Raoul. Le Recueil des Histoires de Troye. A second copy. Last page. Lent by Earl Spencer.
13. Lefevre, Raoul. Les Fais de Jason. Without printer's name, place, or date. Printed at Bruges, probably by Colard Mansion, about 1476-77. Folio.
Lent by the Provost and Fellows of Eton College. This is the only copy in England ; there are two in Paris.
14. D'AiLLY, Pierre, Cardinal. Meditacions sur les sept pseaulmes penitenciaulx. Without printer's name, place, or date. Probably printed at Bruges by Colard Mansion about 1477.
A page in facsimile from the unique copy in the British Museum, which was discovered by Mr. Winter Jones, in 1841, in the same cover with "Les Quatre derrenieres choses," just as they were bound when issued.
Section IIL
CAXTON'S PRESS AT WESTMINSTER.
Books Printed in Type No. 2.
15- EMORARE Novissima. Les quatre derrenieres choses. With- out printer's name, place, or date. Appears to have been printed at Bruges about 1476. Folio.
A page in facsimile from the unique copy in the British Museum. The peculiar use of red ink should be noticed as a link with the press of Colard Mansion. (See No. 192.) A page by Mansion is placed by its side.
16. The Dictes and notable wise Sayings of the Philosophers. First edition. Without colophon. " Emprynted by me Wylliam Caxton at Westmestre. 1477." Folio. Lent by S. Christie-Miller^ Esq. This book is placed alone in a glass case on a velvet cushion, being the first book from Caxton's press with printer's name, and with place and date of printing, thus forming the foundation stone of the present Celebration.
Cla52(0 2i.—€axton and 2Detjelopment of t^e ^rt. 9
17. The Dictes and notable wise Sayings of the Philosophers. First edition. Without colophon. Printed at Westminster by William Caxton. Folio. 1477. A second copy.
Lent by W. Amhurst Tyssen Amhurst. The first book from Caxton's press with printer's name, place, and an unmis- takable date.
18. The Dictes and notable wise Sayings of the Philosophers. First edition. " Emprinted by me William Caxton at Westmestre, 1477." Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
This copy is unique in having the colophon of the second edition, but in different type, printed on the last page.
1 9. Lefevre, Raoul. The History of Jason. Folio. Without printer's name, date, or place. About 1477. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First page.
20. Lefevre, Raoul. The History of Jason. A second copy. Last page. Lent from the Bodleian Library.
21. HoRiE ad usum Sarum. First edition. 8vo. 1477-78.
Lent by William Blades, Esq.
Facsimile by G. I. F. Tupper, showing how the book looked when bound.
8 pages. This was probably the smallest book which issued from Caxton's
press, and must have made originally a charming little volume, although known
now by a fragment only, which is in the Douce Collection at Oxford.
2 2. Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Folio. Without printer's name, place, or date. First edition. About 1477-78.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
23. Christine de Pisan, The Moral Proverbs of. Translated by Earl Rivers, and " Enprinted by Caxton at Westmestre." Folio. 1478. First page. Lent by S. Christie-Miller, Esq.
24. Christine de Pisan, The Moral Proverbs of. A second copy.
lAnt by the Earl of Jersey.
25. Christine de Pisan, The Moral Proverbs of. A third copy.
Lent by Earl Spencer. Last page. These three are the only copies of this book known.
26. pROPOSiTio Johannis Russell. 4to. Without printer's name, place, or date. Printed about 1478. L^ent by Earl Spencer.
First page. A Latin oration made upon the investment of the Duke of Bur- gimdy with the Order of the Garter.
27. Propositio Johannis Russell. A second copy.
Lent by the Earl of Leicester. Last page. These two are the only copies known.
10 Ca]:ton Celebratfon*
28. Lydgate, John. Stans Puer ad Mensam. 4to. Printed about 1478.
Unique. Lent from the University Library, Cambridge,
A boy's school-book, teaching Latin and good manners at the same time.
29. Parvus Catho, by Burgh. 4to. First edition. Printed about 1478. Unique. Lent from the University Library, Cambridge.
A boy's school-book.
30. Parvus Catho, by Burgh. 4to. Second edition. Printed about 1478. Unique. Lent by the Duke of Devonshire.
31. Lydgate, John. The Horse, the Sheep, and the Groose. 4to. First edition. Printed about 1478. Unique.
Lent from the University Library, Cambridge. A poetical disputation as to which of these animals was most useful to mankind.
32. Lydgate, John. The Horse, the Sheep, and the Goose. 4to. Second edition. About 1478.
Lent by the Dean and Chapter of York.
33. Infancia Salvatoris. 4to. Without printer's name, place, or date. About 1478. Unique.
Lent from the University Library, Gottingen.
Purchased from Osborne, a celebrated London bookseller, in 174S, who had bought all the printed books of the Harleian Library. The librarian of Gottin- gen, who purchased five other Caxtons at the same time, gave half-a-guinea for it.
34. Lydgate, John. The Temple of Glass. 4to. About 1478.
Unique. Lent from the University Library, Cambridge.
A poetic composition of Dan John Lydgate.
35. Lydgate, John. The Chorle and the Birde. 4to. First edition. About 1478. Unique.
Lent from the University Library, Cambridge. A favourite piece of poetry by Lydgate, in which a labourer and a nightingale discourse of mundane matters.
36. The Chorle and the Bird. 4to. Second edition. About 1478. Unique. L^nt by the Dean and Chapter of York.
37. Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Temple of Brass. 4to. About 1478.
Lent from the University Library, Cambridge. This is Chaucer's " Parliament of Fowls."
38. The Book of Courtesye. (Lytyl John.) 4to. First edition. About 1478. Unique. Lent from the University Library, Cambridge.
A school-book.
Cla00 51.— CajCton anti 3Det3elopment of tje iart. n
39. Chaucer, Geoffrey. Anelida and Arcyte. 4to. About 1478. Unique. Lent from the University Library^ Cambridge,
40. BoETHius de Consolatione Philosophiae, translated into English by Geoffrey Chaucer. " I William Caxton have done my devoir to enprint it." Without place or date. Folio. About 1478. First page. Lent by the Dean and Chapter of Ripon.
4o*.BoETHius de Consolatione Philosophiae. A second copy.
Lent by the Duke of Devonshire,
41. BoETHius de Consolatione Philosophiae. A third copy.
L^nt by the President and Governors of Sion College^ London.
42. BoETHius de Consolatione Philosophiae. A fourth copy.
Lent by Earl Spencer,
43. CoRDVALE, or the Four Last Things. Folio. 1479. First page.
Lent by Earl Spencer, A translation of " Les quatre derrenieres choses," already noticed.
44. CoRDYALE, or the Four Last Things. A second copy. Last page.
Lent by John E. T. Loveday, Esq.
45. Fratris Laurentii Gulielmi de Saona Margarita. Folio. Without printer's name, place, or date. About 1478-80.
Lent by the Masterand Fellows of Corpus Christi College^ Cambridge.
This has, by a curious misconception, been generally considered as printed at Cambridge in 1478, instead of compiled only. Mr. Bradshaw recc^ized it as a Caxton in 1861.
The only other copy known to exist is at Upsala.
46. The Dictes and Notable Wise Sayings of the Philosophers. Second edition. With colophon, and same date as first edition, but really 1480. Folio. L^nt by the Duke of Devonshire,
46*.The Dictes and Notable Wise Sayings of the Philosophers. Second edition. JLent by Earl Speruer.
Exhibited for the sake of the ** Hand-bill" under No. 65.
47. Parvus et Magnus Catho, by Burgh. Third edition. Folio. With woodcuts. About 1 48 1. Last page.
Lent by the President and Fellows of St. John's College^ Oxford.
48. Parvus et Magnus Catho, by Burgh. Third edition. A second copy. First page. Lent by Earl Spencer.
la Canon Celebration.
49. Letters of Indulgence of John Kendale. On parchment. 1481.
Lent by W. Blades, Esq. Phot<^raphed from the unique original in the British Museum.
5a The Mirrour of the World. Without printer's name, place, or date,
but printed in 1481. Woodcucb. First edition. Translated 1481.
Folio. Lent by the Duke of Devonshire.
The first page. The work is a kind of fifteenth century Encyclopaedia, giving
information upon all the sciences at that time known.
51. The Mirrour of the World First edition. A second copy. Last page. Lent by John Moore Paget ^ Esq.
52. The Mirrour of the World. First edition. A third copy.
L^nt by the Earl of Jersey.
53. The Mirrour of the World. First edition. A fourth copy. Last page. L^nt by Earl Spencer.
54. The Mirrour of the World. First edition. A fifth copy.
L^nt by the University of Gottingen.
55. The History of Reynard the Fox. First edition. Folio. Trans- lated in the Abbey of Westminster, by William Caxton, 1481, but without printer's name, place, or date. 1481. First page.
Lent by the Provost and Fellows of Eton College.
56. The History of Reynard the Fox. A second copy. Last page.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
57. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Tully of Old Age; of Friendship; the Declamation of Noblesse. "Enprynted by me symple persone William Caxton." Without place. Folio. 1481. First page.
L^nt by Earl Spencer.
58. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Tully of Old Age ; of Friendship ; the Declamation of Noblesse. A second copy. Last page.
Lent by W. Amhurst Tyssen Amhurst.
59. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Tully of Old Age; of Friendship; the Declamation of Noblesse. A third copy. First page of Amicitia.
Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College, London.
60. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Tully of Old Age ; of Friendship ; the Declamation of Noblesse. A fourth copy. Last page of Amicitia.
L^nt by the Duke of Devonshire.
61. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Tully of Old Age; of Friendship; the Declamation of Noblesse. A fifth copy.
L^nt by the Provost and Fellows of Eton.
Cla00 Si.—€axton anU 3Det3elopment of tje Sivu 13
6i*.CiCERO, Marcus Tullius. Tully of Old Age; of Friendship ; the Declamation of Noblesse. A sixth copy. The First page of the Declamation. Lent by the Earl of Jersey.
62. Cessolis, Jac. de. The Game and Play of the Chess, moralised. With woodcuts. Second edition. " Explicit per Caxton." With- out place or date. Folio. 1482.
Lent by Lord Tollemache of Helmingham. First page. Although very difFerent, this edition is not unfrequently mistaken for the hrst.
63. Cessolis, Jac de. The Game and Play of the Chess, moralised. A second copy. Unt by the Duke of Devonshire.
64. Cessolis, Jac. de. The Game and Play of the Chess, moralised. A third copy. Last page. L^nt by Earl Spencer.
Books Printed in Type No. 3. This bold type was chiefly used for head-lines.
65. An Advertisement. A Hand-bill notifying the Sale of "Pyes of salisburie vse," beginning " If it plese ony man spirituel or tem- porel," &c. (5 by 7 inches.) About 1478. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Bound in a copy of ** The Dictes."
66. Last leaf of Boethius de Consolatione, all in Type No. 3.
Lent by the Duke of Devonshire.
67. PsALTERiUM. 4to. 1480-83 (?) Lent by IV. Blades^ Esq.
Facsimile page from the unique copy discovered by Mr. Bullen in the British Museum.
Books Printed in Types No. 4 and 4*.
68. The Chronicles of England. Folio. " Emprynted by me William Caxton in thabbey of Westmynstre." First edition, with short commas. 1480. First page. Lent by the Duke of Deiwnshire.
69. The Chronicles of England. Folio. First edition, with short commas. 1480. JUnt by St. John's College, Oxford.
70. The Description of Britain. Folio. " Fynysshed by me William Caxton." 1480. First page. I^ent by the Marquis of Lothian.
71. The Description of Britain. Folio. 1480.
Lent from the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
H Cajcton Celebration^
72. The Description of Britain. Folio, 1480.
Lent by tJu Archbishop of Canterbury, Showing the account of Wales and its marvels.
73. Curia Sapientiae, or the Court of Sapience. Folio. Without printer's name, date, or place, but printed about 1481. First page.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
74. Curia Sapientiae, or the Court of Sapience. Folio. About 148 1.
Lent by the President and Fellows of St. John^s College^ Oxford. Last page.
75. Godfrey of Boloyne; or The Conquest of Jerusalem. Folio. " Printed in the Abbey of Westminster by William Caxton." 1481. First page. Lent from the University Library^ Cambridge.
76. GrODFREY of Boloync ; or the Conquest of Jerusalem. A second copy. Lent from the Baptist College^ Bristol.
First page of text. This book is very uncommon in a perfect state.
77. Godfrey of Boloyne; or The Conquest of Jerusalem. A third copy, open at last page of table. Lent by Earl Spencer.
77*. Godfrey of Boloyne. A fourth copy. Lent by Gottingen University,
Last page of volume.
78. An Indulgence granted by Pope Sixtus IV. to all who would assist in opposing the Turks at the Siege of Rhodes. 1481.
From the Bedfordshire General Library.
Two copies, used to strengthen the binding of "The Book Royal," which was
printed about 1488. They were placed, one at the beginning and one at the end.
79. The Chronicles of England. Folio. " Emprynted by me William Caxton in thabbey of Westmestre." Second edition, with long commas. 1482. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First page. All the known copies of this edition, except that presented by Earl Cawdor to the British Museum, want the last leaf.
80. The Chronicles of England. A second copy.
Lent by the Earl of Jersey.
81. PoLYCHRONicoN. FoHo. Imprinted and set in forme by me Wil- liam Caxton. Without place or date. (Westminster, 1482.)
Lent by Earl Spencer, First page. This work is very rarely found perfect at the end.
82. PoLYCHRONicON. A sccond copy.
Lent from St. John^s College^ Cambridge, Autograph of "Tho. Baker, Col. Jo. Socius ejectus." ** So scarce and dear that it cost me what I am ashamed to own."
Cla00 2i.—€axton anti SDetjeloprntnt of tje Sivu 15
83. PoLYCHRONicoN. A third copy.
Zen^ by W. Amhurst Tyssen Amhurst^ Esq.
84. POLYCHRONICON. A fourth copy. Lent by the Duke of Devonshire.
Open at Liber Ultimus where Caxton commences his own historical com- pilation.
85. Deguileville, Guillaume de. The Pilgrimage of the Soul. First page. Lent by S. Christie-Miller^ Esq.
86. Deguileville, Guillaume de. The Pilgrimage of the Soul. " Em- pry nted at Westmestre by William Caxton." 1483. Folio. Last page. Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College.
87. Deguileville, Guillaume de. The Pilgrimage of the Soul. A second copy. Lent by Earl Spencer.
The "Death-bed Prayers," a unique example, bemg bound in the same volume, this copy is exhibited imder No. 105.
88. A Vocabulary in French and English. Folio. Without printer's name, place, or date. (Westminster, early 1480.)
Lent by Earl Spencer. First page. Dr. Dibdin entitles this "A book for travellers. Only four copies are known.
89. A Vocabulary in French and English. A second copy. Last page. Lent by the Dean and Chapter of Ripon.
90. A Vocabulary in French and English. A third copy.
Lent by the Duke of Devonshire. The copy at Bamborough Castle completes the number known to exist.
91. The Festial (Liber Festivalis.) Folio. " Emprinted at West- mynster by Wyllyam Caxton the last daye of Juyn 1483." First edition. First page. Lent by Earl Spencer.
92. Four Sermons. Folio. " Emprynted by William Caxton at West- mestre." Without date. (1483.) Last page.
Lent by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
93. Servitium de Visitatione Beatae Mariae Virginis. Without printer's name, place, or date. Quarto. (Early 1480.)
A fac-simile by G. L F. Tupper, from the unique copy in the British Museum.
94. Sex perelegantissirae Epistole. 4to. 1483. Lent by W. Blades^ Esq.
A facsimile of last page. The original was discovered in 1874, by Dr. Kon- necke in the Hecht-Heinean Library, Halberstadt.
95. Gower, John. Confessio Amantis. Folio. " Emprynted at West- mestre by me Willyam Caxton, 1483." Lent by Earl Spencer.
First page.
1 6 Canon Celebration
96. GowER, John. Confessio Amantis. A second copy. Last page.
Lent by the Duke of Devonshire. The date is given as "a thousand /cccc/ Ixxxxiij," an evident error for "Ixxxiij."
96*.GowER, John. Confessio Amantis. A third copy, with every leaf stained yellow. Lent by Earl Jersey.
97. Latour Landry, G. de. The Book which the Knight of the Tower made to the enseygnment and teaching of his daughters. " Emprynted at Westmynstre." Folio. 1484. First page.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
98. Latour Landry, G. de. The Book which the Knight of the Tower made to the enseygnment and teaching of his daughters. A second copy. Last page. Lent from the University Library^ Cambridge.
99. Latour Landry, G. de. The Book which the Knight of the Tower made. Folio. 1484. Lent from the Bodleian Library^ Oxon.
Bound up with No. 107.
100. Caton. The Book called Caton. Translated by Caxton in 1484, from an extensive French Gloss of the Parvus Catho and Magnus Catho. Without printer's name, place, or date. Folio. (1484.)
Lent by Earl Spencer. First page, which states that the work was translated at Westminster by Caxton, who dedicated it to the renowned City of London.
1 01. Caton. The Book called Caton. Translated by Caxton in 1484, from an extensive French Gloss of the Parvus Catho and Magnus Catho. A second copy. Lent by the Duke of Devonshire.
102. Caton. The Book called Caton. A third copy.
Lent from the University Library^ Cambridge^
1 02*. Caton. The Book called Caton. A fourth copy.
Lent by the Marquis of Ailesbury.
103. VoRAGiNE, Jacobus de. The Golden Legend. With woodcuts. First edition. " Fynyshed at Westmestre," in 1 483, " By me Wyllyam Caxton." (Large type for the head-lines of the pages.) Large folio. (1484.) First page. llent by Earl Spencer.
104. VoRAGiNE, Jacobus de. The Golden Legend. A second copy.
Lent by Corpus Christi College^ Cambridge.
105. Death-bed Prayers. A single folio. (1484.) Lent by Earl Spencer.
Although bound up in "The Pilgrimage of the Soul," this leaf does not belong to that work, but was a separate sheet probably intended for Priests to put in their pockets and use at the bed-side of the dying.
Cla00 Si.—€axtm atits SDetelopment of tje Sivu 1 7
106. i^sop. The Fables of -^sop ; of Avian; ofAlfonse; andofPoge the Florentine. With woodcuts. "Emprynted by me William Caxton at Westmynstre." Folio. 1484.
Ze;it by Her Majesty the Queen. First page. The woodcut of yEsop here shown is unique.
107. ^sop. The Fables of ^sop ; of Avian; ofAlfonse; andofPoge the Florentine. A second copy. Lent from the Bodleian Library.
108. The Order of Chivalry. Quarto. Without printer's name, place, or date. (1484.) Lent by Earl Spencer.
First page. Translated by Caxton and presented to Richard III. Famous for a stirring appeal to the Knighthood of England from the pen of Caxton.
109. Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Folio. "By William Caxton." Without place or date. (1484.) Second edition. With numerous woodcuts. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Caxton had a great admiration for Chaucer, and having found a purer text of the Canterbury Tales than that used for his first edition, put a second edition to press at once.
no. Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Folio. Second edition. A second copy. Lent by St. John^s College^ Oxford.
111. Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Folio. Second edition. A third copy. Lent by Sir J. Buxton^ Bart.
112. The Book of Fame, made by Geoffrey Chaucer. Folio. Em- pry nted by Wylliam Caxton. Without place or date. (1484.)
L^nt by Earl Spencer. First page. Only 4 copies known.
113. The Curial. Folio. Without printer's name, place, or date. (1484.) Lent by Earl Spencer.
There are but 6 leaves in a perfect copy, and only two copies are known, the second being in the British Museum.
114. Troilus and Criseide. Folio. Without printer's name, place, or date. (1483.) Lent from St. John's College, Oxford.
Bound in No. 1 10.
115. Troilus and Criseide. A second copy. Lent by Earl Spencer.
116. The Life of our Lady. Folio. " Emprj'ntyd by Wyllyam Caxton." Without place or date. (1484-) ^ftl h' ^orl Spencer.
Last page. C
i8 Carton Celebratfom
117. The Life of the Holy and Blessed Virgin, Saint Winifrede. Folio. Without Printer's name, place, or date. " Reduced into Englysshe by me William Caxton." (1485.)
Lent by the Archbishop of Canterbury. First page. Only three copies of this work are known.
1 1 8. Arthur, King of Great Britain. A Book of the noble Histories of King Arthur, and of certain of his Knights. " Enprynted in thabbey westmestre." "Caxton me fieri fecit" Folio. 1485. First page. Lent by the Earl of Jersey,
1 1 9. Arthur, King of Great Britain. A Book of the noble Histories of King Arthur. A second copy. Lent by Earl Spencer.
This and the copy at Osterley are the only two known.
120. The Life of the Noble and Christian Prince Charles the Great. Folio. 1485. A fragment. Lent by Her Majesty the Queen.
121. The Life of the noble and Christian Prince, Charles the Great. Folio. " Explicit per William Caxton." 1485.
A photograph of the colophon from the unique copy in the British Museum.
122. The Knight Paris and the Fair Vienne. Folio. "Explicit per Caxton." Westminster, 1485.
A photograph of the first page from the unique copy in the British Museum. One of the most rare of the 1 5th century novels.
123. Voragine, Jacobus de. The Golden Legend. With woodcuts. Second edition. "Fynyshed at Westmestre," in 1483, "By me Wyllyam Caxton." (Small type for the head-lines of the pages.) Large folio. (1487?) Lent from the University Library^ Cambridge.
The heads of chapters and heads of pages are in Type 3 in Edition i, and in Type 5 in Edition 2. In all copies known of the second edition, sig. a — t and A — E are of the first edition, as if the remainder had been reprinted in conse- quence of the destruction of all the copies of this portion of the book. At the end of the second edition is the life of St. Erasmus, which is not in the first. The third edition (see No. 186) contains this life.
124. Voragine, Jacobus de. The Golden Legend. Second edition. A second copy. Lent by tJu Rev. J. F. Russell^ M. A.
125. Voragine, Jacobus de. The Golden Legend. Second edition. A third copy. Lent by Pembroke College, Cambridge.
Books Printed in Type No. 5.
126. Legrand, Jacques. The Book of Good Manners. "Explicit per Caxton." Without place. 1487. Folio.
Lent from the University Library, Cambridge. The last leaf. Only three copies are known. The work is a collection of moral and religious essays.
€la00 Si.—€axton anli 3Det3elopment of tje Sivt. 19
127. Legrand, Jacques. The Book of Good Manners. Folio. 1487. A second copy. Lent by Vie Archbishop of Canterbury.
[128. MissALE ad usum Sanim. Folio. Paris, 1487. " Exaratum im- pensa optimi viri Guilleraii Caxton."
Lent by W.J. Legh, Esq., M.P. This is not printed with Type No. 5, but having a direct and important bearing upon the typography of Caxton, is placed chronologically between the •' Book of Good Manners ' and ** Speculum.
Caxton got a typographical brother of Paris, William Maynyal, to print this for him. In order to notify himself as Publisher, he had a Trade-mark cut, which appears here for the first time. It should also be noted that this interest- ing and unique book is the earliest impression known of the Salisbury Missal, being five years earlier than the celebrated Rouen edition of 1492, hitherto con- sidered the first.]
129. BoNAVENTURE, St. Speculum vitae Christi. With woodcuts. First edition. " Emprynted by Wyllyam Caxton." Without place or date. Folio. (1487.) First page.
Lent from the University Library, Cambridge.
130. DiRECTORiUM Sacerdotum, una cum Defensorio ejusdem; item Tractatus qui dicitur Crede mihi. First edition of the second ver- sion. Per William Caxton, apud Westmonesterium. Without date. Folio. (1487.)
A photograph from the unique copy in the British Museum.
131. HoRiE, ad usum Sarum. Without printer's name, place, or date. Third edition. (1488.)
Facsimile by G. I. F. Tupper from a fragment in the British Museum.
132. The Royal Book, or Book for a King. With woodcuts. Trans- lated by Caxton in 1484. Without printer's name, place, or date. Folio. (1488.) First page. lUnt by Earl Spencer.
133. The Royal Book, or Book for a King. With woodcuts. Trans- lated by Caxton in 1484. Without printer's name, place, or date. Folio. (1488.) A second copy. Lent by G. £. Martin, Esq.
134. The Royal Book, or Book for a King. With woodcuts. Trans- lated by Caxton in 1484. Without printer's name, place, or date. Folio. (1488.) A third copy.
Lent from the Bedfordshire General Library.
135. A Specimen of Caxton's own binding, being a cover from the pre- vious book.
136. The Royal Book, or Book for a King. Folio. 1488. The last page. A fourth copy. Lent by W. Harrison, F. S. A.
20 Cajcton Celebration.
137. The Image of Pity. A quarto leaf printed on one side, with the Indulgence at foot in Caxton's type No. 5. (Westminster, 1489.)
Lent from the University Library^ Cambridge.
138. The Doctrinal of Sapience. "Caxtonme fieri fecit." Woodcuts. Without place or date. (1489.) Folio.
Lent by Her Majesty the Queen.
Open at the unique final chapter.
This was for a long time considered as the only copy on vellum issued by Caxton. A copy of the ** Speculum Vitoe Christi" has, however, been dis- covered, also on vellum, and was purchased a few years ago for the British Museum. This book is still unique in one particular : all the paper copies end on sig. h ; but this has three additional leaves on "The negligences happing in the Masse." It was presented to King George III. by Mr. Bryant, and did not accompany the Royal Library when made over to the nation by George IV, Not however till Bryant had reconsidered the price and consulted with old Pain, the bookbinder, did he venture to give four guineas for it.
139. The Doctrinal of Sapience. Folio. (1489). First page. A second copy. Lent by Earl Speficer.
140. The Doctrinal of Sapience. Folio. (1489.) A third copy.
Lent by the Duke of Devonshire.
141. BoNAVENTURE, St. Spcculum Vitae Christi. With woodcuts. " Emprynted by Wyllyam Caxton." Folio. Without place or date. (1490.) Second edition. Lent by Earl Beauchamp.
This is an accurate reprint of the first edition, page for page, varying only in orthography and the arrangement of head-lines, &c. The first edition has for chapter in the head-lines the word "Ca," and the second edition the word "Capitulum," throughout the book.
142. BoNAVENTURE, St. Spcculum Vitae Christi. Folio. (1490.) Second edition. A second copy. Lent by Earl Spencer.
143. CoMMEMORATio Lamcntatiouis beatae Mariae. 4to. Without printer's name, place, or date. (Westminster, 1491.)
Lent from the University Library^ Ghent.
Unique. Discovered two years ago by Mr. Campbell, of the Royal Library, the Hague.
144. Servitium de Transfiguratione Jhesu Christi. With woodcut. " Caxton me fieri fecit." Without place or date. 4to. (1491.)
Facsimile by G. I. F. Tupper from the unique copy in the British Museum.
145. HoRiE ad usum Sarum. 8vo. Third edition. (1491.)
Facsimile by G. I. F. Tupper from the unique fragment in the British Museum.
€U^0 0*— Canon anli SDctjelopment of tje 2lvu 21
Books Printed in Type No. 6.
146. Christine de Pisan. The Fayts of Arms and of Chivalry. Folio. " Per Caxton." 1489. Zenf by the Duke of Devonshire.
First page.
147. Christine de Pisan. The Fayts of Arms and of Chivalry. A second copy. Lent by Her Majesty the Queen.
First page of Epilogue.
148. Christine de Pisan. The Fayts of Arms and of Chivalry. A third copy. Lent by the Earl of Jersey.
Last page of the Epilogue.
149. Christine de Pisan. The Fayts of Arms and of Chivalry. A fourth copy.
Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College^ London.
150. Christine de Pisan. The Fayts of Arms and of Chivalry. A fifth copy. Lent by the University of Gottingen.
151. Christine de Pisan. The Fayts of Arms and of Chivalry. A sixth copy. Lent by Earl Spencer.
152. Statutes of Henry VII. Folio. Without printer's name, place, or date. (1489.) First page. Lent from Inner Temple Library.
153. Statutes of Henry VII. A second copy. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Open at signature e j concerning the Conservancy of the Thames.
154. Statutes of Henry VII. A third copy.
Lent by the Marquis of Ailesbury. Last page.
155. The Governayle of Helthe and the Medicina Stomachi. 4to. Without printer's name, place, or date. (1489.)
A facsimile of page i taken from the copy in the possession of Earl Dysart, by G. L F. Tupper.
156. The History of Reynard the Fox. Folio. Without printer's name, place, or date. Second edition. (1489.)
First and last pages. — Photograph from the unique copy in the Pepysian Library, Cambridge.
157. Blanchardin. The History of the victorious Prince Blanchardin, Son of the noble King of Fryse, and of Eglantine, the proud Lady in Love. Without printer's name, place, or date. Folio. [1489?] First page. Unique. Lent by Earl Spencer.
22 Cajcton Celebration
158. The History of the Four Sons of Aymon. Folio. Without printer's name, place, or date. (1489.) Lent by Earl Spencer.
Last page. Unique.
159. DiRECTORiUM Sacerdotum, Una cum Defensorio ejusdem; item Tractatus qui dicitur Crede mihi. Second version of the second edition. " Impressum per Willelmum Caxton apud Westmoneste- rium prope London." Without date. Folio. (1489.) Unique.
Lent from the Bodleian Library^ Oxford. The colophon on signature x 8.
160. The Boke of Eneydos. Folio. Without printer's name, place, or date. (1490.) Lent by the Duke of Devonshire.
First page. — "Translated by me William Caxton the xxii daye of Juyn the yere of our lorde M. iiii C Ixxxx."
161. The Boke of Eneydos. A second copy. L^nt by Earl Spencer.
The colophon on last page.
162. The Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers. Folio. Printer's name, place, and date, as in the first edition, but printed about 1490. Third edition.
Lent by the Master and Fellows of St. John^s College^ Catnbridge. Prologue.
163. The Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers. Folio. (1490.) Third edition. A second copy.
Lent by the Rev. J. F. Russell^ M.A.
First page of text. The Sayings of Sedechias.
164. The Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers. Folio. Third edi-
tion. (1490.) A third copy. Colophon. L^nt by Earl Spencer.
165. The Mirrour of the World. Folio. Place and date, reprinted from the first edition. Second edition. (1490.) First page.
Lent by the Rev. J, F. Russell^ M.A.
166. The Mirrour of the World. Folio. Second edition. (1490.) A second copy. Last page. Lent by Earl Spencer.
167. The Mirrour of the World. Folio. Second edition. (1490.) A third copy. Lent by the Duke of Devonshire.
168. The Mirrour of the Worid. Folio. Second edition. (1490.) A fourth copy. Lent by Birket Foster^ Esq.
169. The Mirrour of the World. Folio. Second edition. (1490.) A fifth copy
Lent by Baptist College^ Bristol., but exposed under next number.
Cla00 Si.—€axton and SDetjelopment of tje Sivu 23
170. The Fifteen Oes. 4to. " Printed by commandment of the Princess Elizabeth Queen of England and the Princess Margaret, Mother unto our sovereign lord the King, by their most humble subject and servant William Caxton." (1490.) A fragment.
J^rom the Baptist College^ Bristol.
171. The Fifteen Oes. Lent by William Blades^ Esq.
Facsimile from the imique copy in the British Museum.
172. A Book of divers Ghostly Matters. 4to. " Wyllelmus Caxton." " Emprynted at Westmynstre." (1490.) Lent by Earl Spencer.
First page.
173. The Festial. (Liber Festivalis.) Folio. " Caxton me fieri fecit." Without place or date. Second edition. (1491.) First page.
Lent by the Duke of Devonshire.
173*. The Festial. Folio. Second edition. (1491.)
Lent from the University Library, Cambridge.
174. Four Sermons. (Quatuor Sermones.) Folio. Without printer's name, place, or date. (1491.) Second edition.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
Last page. This edition was reprinted from the Oxford version and not from
Caxton's first edition of the same book (see No. 208, post). Caxton's device
is on the verso of sig. A 10. The second edition of the Festial is bound with it.
175. The Art and Crafte to know well to die. Folio. Without printer's name, place, or date. (149 1.) Lent by Earl Spencer.
Colophon with date of translation, isthjune, 1490.
176. Ars Moriendi. 4to. Without printer's name, place, or date. 1491. Lent from the Bodleian Library.
Unique. This is quite different from "The Art and Crafte to know well to die." No. 175.
177. The Book of Courtesy. 4to. 1491. Second edition.
Facsimile of unique fragment in the Bodleian Library.
Lent by William Blades, Esq.
178. The Chastising of God's Children. Folio. Without printer's name, place, or date. 1491. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First leaf. The earliest instance of a title-page in England.
179. The Chastising of God's Children. Folio. 1491. A second copy.
Lent by tfu President and Governors of Sion College, London. Last leaf.
24 Cajcton Celebtatfon*
1 80. The Chastising of God's Children. Folio. 1491. A third copy.
Lent by the Duke of Deiwnshire.
181. The Chastising of God's Children. Folio. 1491. A fourth copy.
Lent from the University of Gottingen. Printed by Caxton's executors.
182. The Life of St. Katherine of Senis and of St Elizabeth of Hungary. Without printer's name, place, or date. Folio. 1493.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
First page. The type used is a re-cast of Caxton's No. 4*, with many new
letters, and upon a smaller body. The large type is No. i of Wynken de
Worde, to whom the printing should probably be ascribed. lias Caxton's
device.
183. The Life of St. Katherine of Senis. Folio. 1493. A second copy. Last page. I^nt by tJie Duke of Devonshire.
i83*.The Life of St. Katherine of Senis. Folio. 1493. A third copy. Lent from the University Library^ Cambridge.
184. A Treatise of Love. Folio. 1491? First page.
L^nt by the Duke of Devonshire.
185. A Treatise of Love. Folio. 1491. A second copy. Last page. Lent by Earl Spencer.
186. Voragine, Jacobus de. The Golden Legend. With woodcuts. Third edition. "Fynysshed at W^estmestre," in 1493, "By me Wyllyam Caxton." Folio. 1493.
Lent by W. Amhurst Tyssen Amhurst, Esq. First page. This is doubtless from the press of Wynken de Worde. Caxton died in 1491. The type is the same as that used for St. Katherine.
187. Voragine, Jacobus de. The Golden Legend. Folio. 1493. A second copy. The colophon. Lent by Earl Spencer.
188. Voragine, Jacobus de. The Golden Legend. Folio. 1493. A third copy. Woodcut. Lent by the Duke of Devonshire.
189. The Siege of Rhodes. Folio. Without printer's name, place, or date, but 1493-94. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First jjage. This is a typographical puzzle. The types are not the same as those of any known book, although some of the letters are identical with No. 4* of Caxton. The printing altogether is more rude than that of Caxton or Wynken de Worde, and suggests, but without any certainty, the Press of Machlinia.
190. The Siege of Rhodes. A second copy. Last page.
Lent by Constance^ Marchioness of Lothian.
Cla00 £♦— Carton anti 2Detclopmcnt of tlje Sin. 25
Section IV.
BOOKS FROM THE PRESS OF COLARD MANSION AT BRUGES, AND FROM THE PRESSES OF ENGLISH PRINTERS CON- TEMPORARY WITH WILLIAM CAXTON, I475-I49i.
Books Printed by Colard Mansion^ of Bruges,
I
MONG all Caxton's contemporaries there is no printer whose books show so close an affinity to his own as those of Colard Mansion — specimens of whose press are much more scarce and quite as valuable as Caxton's. Colard Mansion was a book-writer and illuminator of Bruges and a member of the Guild of St. John, of which he was " doyen " or dean for two years, 147 1. As Caxton supplied the English nobles with beautiful manuscripts he probably purchased some from Mansion. About 1474 he began to print books in two rooms over the church porch of St. Do- natus ; and here it was that Caxton, anxious to multiply quickly copies of his newly translated " Recuyell of the Histories of Troye," learnt the art from Mansion, who made or procured the fount we call Caxton's No. I for the purpose. The technical peculiarities and habits of the two printers are identical, and an examination of the types from the two presses shows the hand of the same artist. It is worth noting also that the plan of casting a new fount of letter by using the old letters touched up with a graver as punches was common to both printers. Van Praet published in 1829 a " Notice sur Colard Mansion," since which time but little has been added to our knowledge of his press. Mansion had two founts of type only, the earlier evidently closely connected with Caxton's No. 2, and like that also with two distinct castings, the later a semi- roman character. Nothing is known of Mansion after 1484. During the ten years he was a printer he produced twenty works, some of them magnificent folios with large woodcut illustrations.
191. CoNTROVERSiE de Noblcssc. Folio. (1475.)
Facsimile of the first page. Type No. i. Supposed to be the second pro- duction of the Bruges Press. The types are unmistakably from the graver of the same artist who cut Caxton's No. 2.
192. BoccACE du dechiet des nobles hommes et femmes. Folio. "Im- prim^ k Bruges par Colard Mansion. Anno M.cccclxxvi." 1476.
Lent by the Marquis of Lothian. Type No. I. By the same hand that cut Caxton's type No. 2.
26 Cajcton Celebratfom
193. BoECE. Consolation de Philosophic. Printed by Colard Mansion. Bruges, 1477. Folio.
Lent from the University Library^ Cambridge.
194. OviDE. Les Metamorphoses. Long folio. Bruges, 1484.
A facsimile of part of a page, showing the peculiar use of red ink, both red and black being printed at one pull of the press. This forms a connecting link with Caxton's Type No. 2.
Section V. BOOKS PRINTED BY CAXTON'S CONTEMPORARIES.
Books from the Oxford Press.
F the printers contemporary with Caxton, Theod. Rood was both the earliest and the most important. Very little is known of him beyond the date of his commencement, 1478 ; his taking a partner, who was an Englishman named Hunte ; and the stoppage of the press in 1485. The works issued in these seven years were at least seventeen, of which Cotton mentions but ten.
By Rood.
L Expositio Symboli. 4to. 1478.
ij. Aristotelis Ethica latine per Leonardum Aretinum. 4to. 1479.
iij. ^gidius de peccato originali. 4to. 1479.
iiij. Oratio pro T. Milone. 4to. 1480?
V. Alex, de Ales. Expositio de Anima. First issue, without borders. Folio.
1481. vj. Johannes Lattebury. Morales super Threnos Jeremiae. Folio. 1482. vij. Alex, de Ales. Expositio de Anima. Second issue, with borders. Folio.
After 1482. viij. Johannes Lattebury. Morales super Threnos Jeremiae. Second issue, with
borders. Folio. After 1482. viiij. Latin Grammar in English. 4to. 1482.
x. Compendium totius grammaticae, with Vulgaria of Terence. 4to. 1483. xj. The same. Second edition. 1483-85.
By Rood and Hunte.
xij. Phalaradis Epistolae. 4to. 1485.
xiij. Lyndewode, G. Constitutiones provinciales. Folio. 1483-85.
jjijij. Ricardi de Hampole. Explanationes. 4to. 1483-85.
XV. Liber Festivalis. Folio, i486.
xvj. Textus Alexandri cum Sententiis. 4to. i486? (Fragment at St. John's,
Cambridge. ) xvij. Swyneshed. Insolubilia. 4to. i486.
Cla00 0.— Ca;cton anti SDetelopment of tje 2ivt. 27
195. ExposiTio Sancti leronimi in Simbolum Apostolorum. Oxford, 1468. 4to. Lent from All Souls College^ Oxford.
First book printed at Oxford. The correct date is 1478.
196. ExposiTio S. Jeronomi. 4to. Oxford, 1468. (1478.)
Lent by Earl Spencer. A second copy, the last page.
197. Aristotelis Ethica latine per Leonardum Aretinum. 4to. Without printer's name. Oxford, 1479. ^^^ ^y ^^^l Spencer.
198. -^GiDius de peccato originali. 4to. Without printer's name. Oxford, 1479. Lent from the Bodleian Library.
198*. Cicero. Oratio pro T. Annio Milone. 4to. (Oxford, 1480?)
Lent from the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Unique fragment.
199. Alexander de Ales. Expositio super tres libros Aristotelis de Anima. Folio. Theod. Rood. Oxford. 1481.
Lent from the University Library, Cambridge. First edition. Without borders.
200. Alexander de Ales. Expositio super tres libros Aristotelis de Animi. Folio. 1481. Fine edition.
Lent from the Bodleian Library.
201. Lattebury, Johannes. Moralizationes super Threnos Jeremiae. Folio. On vellum. No place. 1482.
Lent from All Souls College, Oxford. First edition. Without woodcut round title-page.
202. Alexander de Ales. Expositio super tres libros Aristotelis de Anima. Folio. Theod. Rood. Oxford. (After 1482.)
Lent from the University Library, Cambridge. Second edition. With borders.
203. Lattebury, Johannes. Moralizationes super Threnos Jeremiae, Folio. (After 1482.) Lent from the University Library, Cambridge.
Second edition. With woodcut border.
204. Lattebury, Johannes. Second edition.
Lent from the Bodleian Library, Oxon,
205. Anwykyll, John. Compendium totius grammaticae cum Vulgaria Terencii. 4to. 1483. First edition.
Lent from the University Library, Cambridge.
28 Cajcton Celebration*
206. Anwykyll, John. Compendium totius grammaticae. 4to. (1485.)
Lent from tlie Bodleian Library.
206*. Phalaridis Epistolae. 4to. 1485. Lent by Earl Spencer.
207. Lyndewode, G. Constitutiones. Folio. 1483-85.
Lent from All Souls College, Oxford.
208. Liber Festivalis. Printed by Rood and Hunt at Oxford, i486. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
2o8*.The Chronicles of England. Folio. Lent by the Earl of Jersey.
Books printed by the Schoolmaster of St. Albans.
Nothing is known of this printer, who worked his press from 1480 to i486, and issued eight works.
i. Fratris Laurentii Gulielmi de Saona rethorica nova. 4to. 1480.
ij. Augustini Dacti elegancie. 4to. n. d.
iij. Alberti liber modorum significandi. 4to. 1480.
iv. Joannes Canonici in Aristotelis physica. Folio. 1481.
V. Exempla sacre scripture. 4to. 1481.
vj. Fructus Temporum ; or Saint Albans Chronicle. Folio. 1484-85.
vij. The Book of Hawkyng and Huntyng. Folio, i486.
viij. Antonii Andreae. Questiones super Logica. 4to. n. d.
209. L. GuL. de Saona. Rhetorica nova. Abbey of St. Albans. 1480. 4to. First page. Lent by Earl Spencer.
The earliest book with a date from this press.
210. L. GuL. de Saona. Rhetorica nova. 1480. 4to. Second copy. Last page. Lent from tJie Bodleian Library, Oxford.
211. Augustini Dacti elegancie. 4to. Last page.
Lent from the University Library, Cambridge.
212. Fructus Temporum ; The Saint Albans Chronicle. Folio. (1483.)
Lent by Earl Spencer.
213. The Bokys of Hawkyng and Huntyng, and also of Coatarmuris. Compylet at St. Albans, i486. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
The author was Juliana Barnes, Prioress of Sopwell Nunnery, situated near the Abbey of St. Albans.
€la0^ Si,—€axtm anu 2Det)elopment of t|)e 2ivu 29
Books from the Press of John Lettme, 1480-81 ; Lettou &* Machlinia^ and William de Machlinia^ 1 481-1485.
At least twenty works issued from this press, which was the first set up in the city of London.
By John Lettou.
i. Questiones Antonii Andreae. Folio. 1480.
ij. Expositiones super Psalterium. Folio. 1481.
By Lettou and Machlinia.
iij. Abridgment of the Statutes. Folio, s. a.
iiij. Tenores Novelli. Folio, s. a.
V. Year-book. 33, 35, and 36 Henry VI. Folio, s. a.
By W. Machlinia.
yj. Albertus magnus de secret is naturae. 4to. n. d.
vij. Albertus magnus de secretis mulierum. 4to. n. d.
viij. Tenores novelli. Folio, n. d.
viiij. Nova Statuta. Folio, n. d.
X. The revelation of the Monk of Evesham. 4to. n. d.
xj. Promise of Matrimony. Folio, n. d.
xij. Year-book, 34 Hen. VI. Folio, n. d.
xiij. Year-book, 37 Hen. VI. Folio, n. d.
xiiij. Statuta Ricardi tercii. Folio, n. d.
XV. Speculum Xpristiani. 4to. n. d.
xvj. A little book on the pestilence. 4to. n. d.
xvij. Vulgaria Therencii. B'irst edition. 4to. n. d.
xviij. The Chronicles of England. Folio, n. d.
xviiij. A broadside.
XX. Vulgaria Therencij. Second edition. 4to. n. d.
214. Questiones Antonii Andrea. Folio. 1480. Lent from Sion College.
215. Wallensis, Tho. Expositiones super Psalterium. Folio. 1481.
Lent from the University Library^ Cambndge.
216. Tenores Novelli. Folio. Lent by A. Hofwood^ Esq.
217. Tenores Novelli. Folio. A second copy. Lent by Earl Spencer.
218. Tenores Novelli. Folio. A third copy.
Lentfrofn All Souls, Oxford.
219. Nova Statuta. Folio. Lent from the Lnner Temple Library.
220. Nova Statuta. Folio. Lent by the Earl of Leicester.
221. Nova Statuta. Folio. Lent from All Souls College , Oxford.
222. Nova Statuta. Folio. Lent from Sion College.
30 Ca;cton Celebration.
223. Nova Statuta. Folio. Lentby W.Avthurst Tyssen Amhurst^ Esq. 2 23*. Year-books. 35 Henry VI. Folio. Lentby A. Horwood^Esq.
224. Albertus Magnus de secretis mulienim. 4to.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
2 24*. Albertus Magnus de secretis naturae. 4to.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
225. Year Book. 37 Hen. VI. Folio. Lent by Lord Ailesbury.
226. Statuta Ricardi tercii. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Why so many bibliographers should have attributed this book, and not others from the same press, to William Caxton, is not easily explained.
227. Statuta Ricardi tercii. Folio. A second copy.
Lent from the Lnner Temple Library.
228. Speculum Xpristiani. Lent by Earl Spencer.
This is the most interesting work from Machlinia's press, and gives many prayers and pieces of divine poetry in an English dress.
229. Fructus Temponim, or the St. Albans Chronicle. Folio. 1484-85.
Lent by the Marquis oj Lothian.
230. Fructus Temponim, or the St. Albans Chronicle. Folio. 1484-85. A second copy. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Section VI.
BOOKS ILLUSTRATING THE PROGRESS OF PRINTING
IN ENGLAND AFTER CAXTON'S DEATH.
Westminster.
|YNKYN de Worde, of Lorraine, was possibly one of Caxton's workmen at Bruges, and undoubtedly was employed in his office in Westminster, where he continued to print after his master's death until about 1500, when he moved into the Citv. From 1502 to 1534, the year of his death, his office was at the sign of the ** Sun, in the parish of St. Bride's, Fleet Street. He received the patent of King's printer, and in one of his colophons avows the protection afforded him by Margaret, Henry VH.'s mother. He was a citizen and stationer of London, and a meml^r of the Leathersellers' Company. He was his own type-founder, and more of a printer than a scholar.
231. BoNAVENTURA. Spcculum vitcc Christi. Folio. Westmonasterii : W. de Worde, 1494.
€la00 a.— Caj;ton anti SDetelopment of ttje Zvt. 3^
232. PoLiCHRONicoN, translated by John Trevisa. " Emprynted at Westmestre by Wynken de Worde, 1495." Folio.
Zenf by W. Amhurst Tyssen Amhursty Esq. This copy possesses the original very rare title-page.
233. PoLYCHRONicoN. A sccond copy. 1495. Folio.
Lent by the Earl of Jersey,
234. Vitas Patrum. Westminster : Wynkyn de Worde, 1495. Folio.
Lent by the Rev. J. F. Russell. Considered one of Wynkyn de Worde's most magnificent tyj>ographical pro- ductions.
235. QuATUOR Sermones et Liber Festivalis. Wynkyn de Worde, 1496.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
236. Bartholomaeus de proprietatibus rerum. Wynken de Worde. Folio. Without place or date, but about 1495.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
The most magnificent production of Wynkyn de Worde's press.
First book printed on paper of English manufacture. The first paper mill was set up at Hertford in Henry VII. 's reign by John Tate.
The colophon has direct reference to Caxton ; —
And also of your charyte call to remembraunce
The soule of William Caxton first prynter of this boke
In laten tongue at Coleyn hymself to auance
That every wel disposyd man may theron loke
And John Tate the yonger Joye mote he broke
Whiche late hathe in Englond doo make this paper th3mne
That now in our englyssh this boke is prynted Inne.
237. Bartholomaeus de proprietatibus rerum. A second copy.
Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College^ London.
238. Dives and Pauper. " Westmensti ^ ^Wyken de Worde." 1496. Folio. Lent by Arcdeacon Harrison.
London.
239. Cronycle of Englonde and the Descrypcyon of Brytayne. Wyn- kyn de Worde, 1502. Folio. Lent by the Marquis of Ailesbury.
240. The Boke of Good manners. Wynkyn de Worde, 1507. 4to. Woodcuts. Lent by the Rev. J. F. Russell.
The only perfect copy known.
241. Rycharde Cuer de Lyon. Wynkyn de Worde. 1509. 4to. First edition. L^nt by Earl Spender.
32 Ca;cton Celebratfom
242. The Floure of the comanndementes of god. " Enprynted at Lon-
don in Flete strete at the sygne of the sonne by Wrynkyn de Worde." 15 10. Folio. Lent by Archdeacon Harrison.
243. Nova legenda Anglise. London, " in domo Winandi de Worde," 1 5 1 6. Lent by Earl Beauchamp.
244. Fitzherbert's Grand Abridgement of the Laws. 3 vols. Folio. W. de Worde, 15 16. Lent by the Earl of Leicester.
One of our most ancient and authentic legal records.
245. Ortus Vocabuloru. " Impressus Lodoniis p Wynadu de Worde."
15 1 1. 4to. Lent by the Earl of Jersey.
246. The Orcharde of Sion. Imprinted at London in Flete Street at ye Sygne of the Sonne by me Wynkyn de Worde. 15 19. Folio.
Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College. An early instance of the composition of lines of type so as to make figures : in this case a Cross.
247. The Rosary of Our Saviour Jesu. London : Wynkyn de Worde, 1530. 4to. Lent by Archdeacon Harrison.
248. CoMUNYCACYON bytwene god and man. Enprynted at London in Flete Strete at y^ sygne of ye Sonne by me Wynkyn de Worde. 4to. Le7it by the Rev. J. F. Russell.
Imperfect, wanting first leaf. No other copy known.
249. Sermo in die Innocentium pro Episcopo Puerorum. Wynkyn de Worde. 4to. Lent by the Rev. J. F. Russell.
Woodcut of the Crucifixion from Caxton's Fifteen Oes.
250. Sermo exhortatorius cancellarii Ebor. Wynkyn de Worde. " Hunc sermone legi diligenter et lectu approbavi : et decrevi imprimi posse sine periculo — Joannes Colet."
Lent by the Rev. J. F. Russell.
251. The remors of Mannes Conscience. Wynken de Worde. London. No date. 4to. Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College.
Richard Pynson, a Norman, was an early servant of Caxton's. He obtained the patent of King's printer to Henry VII. in 1503. His office was first at Temple Bar, and afterwards at the sign of the George, near St. Dunstan's, Fleet Street. He was the first typographical artist who introduced the Roman letter into England.
252. BoCHAS. Pall of Princes. 1494. Pynson. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Clajsfjaf ja.— Canon anti 2Detjelopment of tlie Sivu 33
253. Dives and Pauper, Dyalogue of. That is to say, the riche and the pore fructuously tretyng upon the comandments. Emprynted at the Temple barre of london. 1493. Richarde Pynson. Folio.
Lent by Earl Spencer. First dated book printed by Pynson.
255. Chaucer. Booke of the Tales of Cantyrburye. Richard Pynson. (1493-) Lent by Earl Spencer.
256. Nova Statuta. Folio. Pynson, 1497. Lent by Earl of Leicester.
257. Alexandri Liber Doctrinalis. Richardus Pynson, 1498.
Lent by Earl Beauchamp.
258. Promptorius Pueronim. Folio. 1499. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First English and Latin dictionary.
259. Abridgement of Law in Norman French. R. Pynson, 1500.
Lent by Sir C. Reed.
261. Pace, Richard. Oratio in pace nuperime composita inter inuic- tissimum Angliae regem, et Francorum regem christianissimum. Londini: R. Pynson, 15 18. 4to. Lent by S. Christie-Miller^ Esq.
The first book printed in England in Roman characters.
262. MissALE ad usum Sarum. Pynson, 1520. On vellum. FoHo.
Lent by E. Houstnan^ Esq.
263. HenricusVIIL Assertio septem Sacramentorum adversus Martin. Lutherum. Pynson, 15 21. Lent by the Earl of Leicester.
264. Froyssart's Cronycle. " Translated out of Frenche into maternal English, by Ihon Bourchier Knight Lord Berners." London, FleteStrete: Richard Pynson, 1525. Folio.
Lent by Birket Foster, Esq.
265. Bull of Pope Leo X. Richard Pynson. Folio.
Lent by the Rev. J. F. Russell.
266. Petronylla. Richard Pynson. 4to.
Lent by the Rev. J. F. Russell. A metrical legend of greatest rarity.
267. Tenures de Lytylton. Richard Pynson.
Lent by the Earl of Leicester,
268. Natura Brevium. Richarde Pynson. Lent by the Earl of Leicester.
34 Cajcton Celebration*
269. FABYAN*sCronycle. Prentyd at London. Wyllyam Rastell, 1533.
Lent by H, White, Esq.
269*.Chrysostome, Saint. Homiliae Suae. Grsec^ et Latin^. Londini, apud Reynerum Vuolfium. 1543. 4to.
The first book printed in Greek in England.
270. CoMPENDiosA Anatomic delineatio. Imprinted at London within the blacke fryars by Thomas Gemini, 1559.
Lent by Messrs. S. 6^ B. Nock.
271. The Cosmographical Glasse. Compiled by William Cuningham, Doctor in Physicke. John Daye, 1559.
Lent by W. Amhurst Tyssen Amhurst, Esq.
272. Foxe's Book of Martyrs. John Daye, 1563. First edition.
Lent by W, Amhurst Tyssen Amhurst, Esq.
273. Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande faithfully gathered and set forth by Raphael Holinshed. London, 1577. 2 vols. First edition. (Vol. 2 in Class D.) Lent by H. White, Esq.
274. The vertusse boke of Distyllacion of the waters of all maner of Herbes by Master Iherom bruynswyke. London : Laurens Andrewe, 1527. Folio. Lent by Archdeacon Harrison.
275. Myrrour of the Worlde. Enprynted by Laurence Andrewe.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
276. Iherome of Bruynwyke warke of Surgeri translated out of Duche into Englisshe. Petrus Treuris, 1525.
Lent by Messrs. S. 6^ B. Nock. First medical work illustratid with woodcuts printed in England. Petrus Treveris was the first printer in Southwark.
277. Ane Admonition direct to the trew Lordis maintenaris of the Kingis Graces Authoritie M. G. B. [Buchanan] Imprinted at London by John Daye, accordying to the Scotish copies Printed at Strivelyng by Robert Lekpriuck, Anno Do. MD.LXXI. 1 2mo.
Lent by D. Laing, Esq.
Tavistock.
The monks of the Benedictine Abbey of Tavistock possessed a printing-press in the early part of the sixteenth century. Only two books from their press are extant.
278. BoETHius. The Boke of comfort called in laten Boetius de Consolatione philosophic. " Enprented in the exempt monastery of Tavestock in Denshyre. By me Dan Thomas Rychard, monk of the say d Monastery." 1525. 4to.
Lent by S. Christie-Miller, Esq.
Cla0ja( Sl.—€axtm anti 3Det3elopment of tlie Sin. 35
Ipswich.
Anthony Scolsker, John Overton, and John Oswen were the first printers. They left Ipswich together. Oswen went to Worcester where he carried on business for some time.
279. DoMESTYCAL OF Houschold Scrmons for a godley householder to his children and family now first translatd out of Latin into Englyshe by Henry Reginalde. Printed by John Oswen.
Zen^ by R. W. Binns^ Esq, The first part was printed at Ipswich in 1548, and the second at Worcester in 1549.
Worcester.
The art of printing was practised in this city from 1548 to 1553 by John Oswen, a printer from Ipswich. Most of his works were of a religious character.
280. Godly saiyings of the old auncient faithful fathers upon the Sacra- ment of the Bodye and bloude of Chryste. Translated oute of Latin by Ihon Veron Sennoys. Worcester : Ihon Oswen, 1550.
Lent by Earl Beauchamp.
Norwich.
Anthony de Solempne, one of the strangers from the Low Countries who lyere encouraged to settle in England by Queen Elizabeth, introduced the art of printing here about 1568. His productions are extreniely rare. After his death no printer appeared at Norwich until 1702.
281. Belijdenisse endeeenvoudige wtlegginge des waerachtigengheloofs .... in Switzerlant, 1561. Gheprint tot Nordwitz by Antonium de Solemne. Lent by W. Amhurst Tyssen Amhurst, Esq,
282. B. CoRNELis Adriaenssen Sermoenen, 1578. Noirdwitz.
Lent by W. Amhurst Tyssen Amhurst^ Esq.
283. Chronyc-Historie der Nederlandtscher Oorlogen. Gedruct tot Noortwitz, 1579. Lent by W. Amhurst Tyssen Amhurst^ Esq.
36 Cartoa Celebration*
Section VII.
BOOKS PRINTED IN SCOTLAND.
I HE first printing press in Scotland was introduced under the patronage of King James IV. by a grant of exclusive privileges in favour of Walter Chepman and Andrew Myllar, burgesses of Edinburgh, signed under the Privy Seal at Edinburgh, 15 th Sej> tember, 1507.
The British Museum acquired from a sale at Paris in 1869, a unique copy of " Expositio Sequentiarum," printed at Rouen, at the expense of Andro Myllar, bookseller, in Edinburgh (with his device), in the year 1506. Small 4to.
284. The Maying or Disport of Chaucer. " Impretit in the south gait of Edinburgh be Walter chepman and Androw myllar the fourth day of apile the yhere of god .M.CCCCC. and viii. yheris." 4to. Unique.
Lent by the Faatlty of Advocates^ Edinburgh.
The earliest book known to have been printed in Scotland. It has on the last page Myllar's device, representing a windmill with a miller ascending the outside ladder, and carrying a sack of grain upon his back.
The following unique pieces are bound in the same volume with the above poem : —
The Knightly Tale of Golagros and Gawane, 1508.
The Porteous of Noblenes, 1 508.
The Tale of Syr Eglamoure of Artoys.
The Goldyn Targe, by William Dunbar.
Ane Buke of Gud Counsale to the King.
The Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedie.
The Traitie of Orpheus and Erudices, by Robert Henryson.
The Ballade of Lord Barnard Stewart, by William Dunbar.
The Tretis of the tua Marrit Women and the Wedo, by William Dunbar.
A Gest of Robyn Hode.
Excepting the last two tracts, all the above are from the press of Chepman and Myllar.
285. Breuiarii Aberdonensis ad per Celebris ecclesie Scotorum potissi- mum vsum et consuetudinem Pars hyemalis (et Pars aestivalis). Edinburgh: Walter Chepman, 15 10. 8vo. 2 tom.
Lent by the University of Edinburgh.
€W& Si,—€axton anti ^tMopmtnt of t^e Situ 37
286. The Hystory and Croniklis of Scotland, be Maister Hector Boece. Translatit be Maister Johne Bellenden. Imprinted in Edinburgh by Thomas Davidson, [1536.] FoUo.
Lent by the University of Edinburgh.
This copy is printed on vellum.
287. The Hystory and Croniklis of Scotland. [1536.] Folio. Another copy, on paper. Lent by the Faculty of Advocates^ Edinburgh.
288. The New Actis and Constitutionis of Parliament, 1540. Edin- burgh : Thomas Davidson, [1542]. FoHo.
Lent by the Faculty of Advocates ^ Edinburgh.
Unique. Printed on vellum.
289. Ane Dialog betuix Experience and ane Courteour, Off the Miserabyll Estait of the Warld. Compylit be Schir Dauid Lynde- say of ye Mont. Imprinted at Copmanhouin, [1558.] 4to.
Lent by D. Laing, Esq.
This is the second issue, evidently printed by John Scot either at Edinbui^h or St. Andrew's.
290. Ane Dialog betuix Experience and ane Courteour. " Imprentit at the command, and expenses of Maister Sammuel lascuy, in Paris, 1558." 8vo. Lent by L>. Laing, Esq.
Some leaves supplied in facsimile.
291. The Protestant Confession. The Confessione of the fayth and doctri^ beleued and professed by the Protestantes of the Realme of Scotland exhibited to the estates of the sam in parlia- ment and by thare publict notes authorised as a doctrin grounded vpon the infallable wourd of God. Imprinted at Edinburgh, be Robert Lekprewik. Cum priuilegio. 1561. 8vo.
Lent by D. Laing^ Esq.
The copy now exhibited appears to be the original edition, and one of those which Knox in a letter to Mrs. Anna Ix)ck, dated October 2, 1561, says : — "I sent to you, and to some others, the Confession of our Faith, in quairs, unbound, If they came to your hands I cannot tell bot now it is no mater. I perceaved they are printed with you againe." The English edition mentioned by Knox was printed at London for Rowland Hall, 1561. A copy is in the Grenville Collection, British Museum. There is also an edition printed at Edinburgh, by John Scot, 1561. 4to.
38 Carton Celebration
292. The Acts and Constitutiounis of the Parliaments of Scotland. Edinburgh: Robert Lekpreuik, 1566. Folio.
Lent by the Faculty of Advocates^ Edinburgh. The first edition of the Black Acts.
293. The Acts and Constitutiounis of the Parliaments of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1566. Folio. Lent by D. Laing^ Esq.
The second issue, dated November, 1 566, containing additional leaves sup- plying those that were cancelled in the first impression.
294. FoiRM nomuidhadh. The Book of Common Order, commonly called Knox's Liturgy, translated into Gaelic by John Carsewell, Bishop of the Isles in 1567. Robert Lekpreuik, Edinburgh, 1567. 8vo. Lent by the University of Edinburgh.
The first book printed in Gaelic. This copy begins on fol. 2, containing the Dedication to Archibald, Earl of Ar^ll.
295. Heir beginnis ane treatise callit the Palice of Honour compylit be M. Gawane Dowglas, Bischop of Dunkeld. Imprentit at Edinburgh be Johne Ros for Henrie Charteris. 1579. 4to.
Lent by the University of Edinburgh.
296. Rerum Scoticarum Historia auctore Georgio Buchanano Scoto. Edinburgi Apud Alexandrum Arbuthnetum Typographum Regium. Anno 1582. Folio. Lent by D. Laing, Esq.
297. The History of the Reformatioun of Religioun within the realme of Scotland. London, 1586. Svo,
Lent by D. Laing^ Esq. The original edition, printed at London by Thomas Vautrollier, and seized whilst at press and suppressed by order of Archbishop Whitgift, in February, 1586-7, before the work was completed. Every printed copy preserved com- mences with page 17 and breaks off" with page 560. In this copy the missing leaves are supplied in a contemporary hand.
298. The King's Confession. The Confession of Faith, subscrived by the Kingis Maiestie and his Hous-hold : togither with the copie of the Generall Band and Act of secreit counsaill. At Edinburgh. Printed by Robert Waldegrave. Anno Dom. 1590. 4to.
Lent by D. Laing^ Esq.
299. The Lawes and Actes of Parliament maid be the Kings of Scotland : visied, collected, and extracted be Sir John Skene. Edinburgh, printed by Robert Waldegraf. Folio. 1597.
Lent by D. Laing^ Esq. With the engraved title containing portraits of the Kings, &c.
Cla00 2i.—€axton and 2Det)elopment of t^z Situ 39
300. The Muses Welcome to the High and Mightie Prince James, &c. at his all happie returne to his old and native Kingdome of Scot- land, anno 1617. Edinburgh, printed by Thomas Finlason, 16 18. Folio. Lent by D. Laing^ Esq.
301. Christ's Testaments Unfolded, or Seven Godlie Sermons, by Mr. Archibald Symson. Printed at Edinburgh by Edward Raban, 1620. i2mo. Lent by D, Laingy Esq,
302. Flowres of Sion by William Drummond of Havvthorne-denne. To which is adjoyned his Cypresse Groue. Edinburgh : John Hart, 1630. Folio. Lent by the University of Edinburgh, '• Giuen to King James His Colledge in Eden-bourgh by the Author, 1630."
303. John Calvin's Catechisme. Edinburgh: John Wreittoun, 163 1. The same translated into Gaelic, also printed at Edinburgh, 1631. In one volume. 1 2mo. L^nt by D. Laing^ Esq,
304. The Psalms in Prose and Metre. Edinburgh, 1634. 8vo.
L^nt by D. Laing^ Esq. This copy has the title-page of the edition of 1640.
305. The Laws and Acts of Parliament, made by the Kings and Queens of Scotland, collected by Sir Thomas Murray of Glendook. Folio. Edinburgh, 1681. Large paper copy.
Lent by D. Lxiing^ Esq.
306. Dryden, John. The Hind and the Panther. A Poem. Holy- rood-House. Reprinted by James Watson, Printer to His Most Excellent Majesties Royal Family and Household. 1687. 4to.
I^ent by D, Laing^ Esq.
307. Britannia Rediviva : A Poem on the Birth of the Prince. Written by Mr. Dryden. Holy-rood-House. Reprinted by Mr. P. B. Enginier, printer to the King's most excellent Majesty, for His Household, Chappel, and Colledge. 1688. 4to.
L^nt by D, Laing^ Esq.
308. Theses Philosophlcae, for the year 1698. A broadside printed on satin, with ornamented borders, presented to the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, Sir Archibald Mure of Thornton, on occasion of the graduation of the Students, July, 1698.
L^nt by D. Laing^ Esq.
40 Cajcton Celebration.
309. The Confession of Faith, Larger and Shorter Catechisms, &c., translated into the Irish Language by the Synod of Argyle. Edinburgh, 1725. i2mo. Lent by D. Laing^ Esq.
310. ViRGiLii Opera. Edinburgh, 1743. i2mo.
Lent by D. Laing, Esq. This is called the Immaculate Edition.
311. The Dances of Death, &c, by John Holbein. Etched by David Deuchar, seal engraver. Edinburgh, 1788. 4to.
Lent by D. Laing^ Esq. The original impressions with the borders.
312. The Tale of Golagrus and other Ancient Poems. The reprint of the original editions printed by William Chepman and Androw Myllar, at Edinburgh, 1508, reprinted 1827. 4to.
Lent by D. Laing, Esq.
SCOTTISH PROVINCIAL TYPOGRAPHY.
313. The Catechisme, That is to say, ane comone and catholik in- structioun of the Christin People in Materis of our catholik faith and religioun quhilk na gud Christin man or woman suld mis- knaw : set furth be the maist reverend father in God, Johne Archbischop of Sanct Androus, Legatnait and Primat of the Kirk of Scotland, in his prouincial Counsale haldin at Edinburgh the XXVI day of Juanuarie, the zeir of our Lord 1551. Printed at St. Andrews, 1552. 4to. Lent by the University of Edinburgh.
314. In Dominicam Orationem pia Meditatio : Auctore Patricio Coc- bumo Scoto. Printed at St. Andrews by John Scot, 1555. 8vo. Lent by D. Laing^ Esq.
315. Ane Detectioun of the Doingis of Marie Queue of Scottis. Imprentit at Sanctandrois be Robert Lekpreuik, 1572. 8vo.
Lent by the Faculty of Advocates^ Edinburgh.
316. Michaelson, John. The Lawfulnes of Kneeling in the Act of receiuing the Sacrament of the Lordes Supper. Printed by Ed- ward Raban, Printer to the Vniversitie of Sainct-Andrewes, 1620. 8vo. Lent by D. Laing, Esq.
317. Baron, Robert. Philosophia Theologiae Ancillans. Andreapoli (St. Andrews), 162 1. i2mo. Lent by D. Laing, Esq.
ClajijS ^♦— Ca;ctoti anti JDetjelopment of t^e ^rt. 41
3 1 8. JoANNis Ludovici Vivis Ad Sapientiam Introductio. Aberdoniae : Excudebat Eduardus Rabanus, 1623. i2mo.
Lent by D. Laing^ Esq.
319. Canons and Constitutions Ecclesiasticall, Gathered and put in forme, for the Governament of the Church of Scotland. Aber-- dene, Imprinted by Edward Raban, dwelling upon the Market- place, at the Armes of the Citie, 1636. Lent by D. JMtng^ Esq.
Dr. Juxon, Bishop of London, in a letter to Maxwell, Bishop of Ross, says : ** I receaved yo"" Book of Canons, which perchance at first will make more noise then all the Canons in Edinburgh Castle, but when men's eares have beene used awhile to the sound of them, they will not startle so much at it, as now at first." (Baillie's ** Letters and Journals," Vol. I. p. 438.)
320. Common Psalm Tunes. Aberdeen, 1666. Obi. 4to. Unique.
Lent by D. Laing^ Esq. This work probably never had a title-page.
321. The Aberdeen Cantus. "Songs and Fancies, to three, four, or fiue Parts, both apt for voices and viols. With a brief Introduction to musick, as is taught by Thomas Davidson, in the Musick-School of Aberdene." Second edition. Aberdene, printed by John Forbes. 1666. Obi. 4to. Lent by D. Laing^ Esq.
The first edition was printed at Aberdeen by Forbes in 1662. A full account of the editions is given in the Introduction to Johnson's "Scots Musical Museum." New edition with notes. Edinburgh, 1853. Vol. I. pp. xxxiv-xl.
322. The same. The third edition. Aberdeen: printed by John Forbes, 1682. Obi. 4to. Lent by D. Lxiing^ Esq.
323. Taylor, J. Verbum sempiternum. Aberdene : John Forbes, 1670. 64mo.
Taylor, J. Salvator Mundi. Aberdene : John Forbes, 1670. 64mo. Lent by A. Gardyner, Esq.
These epitomes in verse of the Old and New Testaments are bound together and known as the Thumb Bible.
324. The Protestation of the Generall Assemblie of the Church of Scotland, &c. November, 1638. Printed at Glasgow by George Anderson, in the yeare of grace 1638. 4to.
Lent by D. Laing, Esq. This tract appears to have been the earliest specimen of printing in Glasgow.
325. Row, John. Hebraeae Linguae Institutiones compendiosissimae, & facillimae. Glasguae, Excudebat Georgius Andersonus, Anno partus Salutiferi, 1644. Xi;uaj Hebraica : seu Vocabularium. Glasguae, Excudebat Georgius Andersonus, Anno Christogonias, 1644. 1 2mo. Lent by D. Laing^ Esq.
Two of the earliest works printed in Scotland containing Hebrew charac- ters. Bound in one volume.
42 €axton Celebratfom
326. Dickson, David, D.D. Explicatio Analytica omnium Apos- tolicarum Epistolarura. Glasguae, exc. Geo. Andersonus. 1645. 4to. Zeni by D. Laing^ Esq.
327. HoRATius. Glasguae, 1744. i2mo. Lent by D, Laing^ Esq.
This is called the Immaculate Edition.
328. EniKTHTOY ErxEiPiAioN. (Epictcti Enchiridion, Graece.) Glasguae : R. Foulis, 1748. i2mo. Lent by D. Laing^ Esq,
Printed on vellum.
329. HoMERi Ilias, &c., Graece. R. and A. Foulis. Glasguae, 1756-58. Folio. Large paper.
Lent from the Signet Library^ Edinburgh.
330. Ramsay's Gentle Shepherd. Glasgow: Foulis, 1788. 4to.
Le?it by D. Laing, Esq, One of the earliest illustrated books published in Scotland. Plates by David Allan.
331. Burns, Robert. Poems, chiefly in the Scottish dialect. First edition. Kilmarnock, 1786. 8vo. Lent by D. Laing, Esq.
332. Thomson's Seasons. Perth, 1793. 4to.
Lent from the Signet Library^ Edinburgh. With engravings. The first edition printed in Scotland.
BOOKS WITH FICTITIOUS IMPRINTS, BUT APPARENTLY NOT PRINTED IN SCaTLAND.
333. De furoribus Gallicis, &c. vera & simplex Narratio, ab Ernesto Varamundo Frisio Auctore. Edinburgi, anno salutis humanae, 1573. 4to. Lent by D. Laing^ Esq.
334. The same, translated under the title : — "A true and plaine report of the furious outrages of Fraunce, &c. By Ernest Varamund, at Striveling 1573." i2mo. Lent from the Signet Library ^ Edinburgh.
Cla00 2i.—€axton and 3Det)elopmeitt of tfje Sivu 43
335. Le Reveille-matin des Frangois & de leur Voissins. Compose par Eusebe Philadelphe Cosmopolite, en forme de dialogues. A Edimbourg de rimprimerie de Jaques James, avec permission. 1574. 8vo. Zenf by D. Laingy Esq.
336. ViNDiciiE contra Tyrannos : Stephano Junio Bruto Celta [/>., Hubert Languet] auctore. Edinburgi, 1579. 8vo.
Lent by D. Laingy Esq,
Class B.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ART OF PRINTING
IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
|HE principle of the Art of Printing was not altogether unknown to the ancients. The Babylonian bricks brought to this country are stamped with various characters, and there is evidence to prove that the ancient Romans made use of stamps, with which they marked their articles of luxury and use, and branded their cattle. Landseer observes in his " Lectures on the Art of Engraving," " Had the modern art of making paper been known to the ancients, we had probably never heard of Fust and Finiguerra, for with the same kinds of stamps which the Romans used for their pottery and packages, books might have been printed."
We must, however, turn our eyes further eastward in order to dis- cover the first indications of the earliest form of printing, namely, of transferring impressions from wooden blocks to paper. . The Chinese, it is believed, were the first nation who practised this art, many years before the commencement of the Christian era, the complicated nature of their written language rendering any other mode of printing impracticable.
It is not unreasonable to suppose that the Venetians, from their early intercourse with that nation, acquired a knowledge of the art from them, which they introduced into Europe, and that in the course of time the artists of Germany, Holland, and other parts found out their secret, and practised it themselves.
A Decree of the Venetian Government of 1441, prohibiting the im- portation " of any work that is printed or painted on cloth or on paper,
Cla00 S.— 3Detjelopment in JForeiffii €onntvit9i* 45
that is to say, altar-pieces, or images, and playing-cards," the art and mystery of making which had fallen into decay, in consequence of the quantity made out of Venice, shows that not only in that city, but in other parts of Europe, the art of printing was known many years before impressions were produced by means of moveable metal type.
It would appear, from the mention of the word, " Kartenmacher," in the records of the city of Augsburg of 1418, and o5 Nuremberg of 1433 and 1438, that the Germans more especially practised the art, and ac- cording to an ancient Chronicle found by Heinecken at Ulm, playing- cards used to be sent to Italy, in return for spices and other merchandise.
It is generally acknowledged that playing-cards were printed in the fourteenth century, and the celebrated " St. Christopher" in the Althorp Library proves that "images" of the Saints from wooden blocks appeared at least as early as 1423.
The first Block Prints, consisting of illustrations with a few words of text, were not produced by means of a press. The impression was taken off by rubbing the back of the paper which had been laid upon the surface of the block. Possibly the wood may not have been considered hard enough to bear great pressure.
The next step towards the development of the art consisted in illus- trating the prints with such an amount of text as to render them instruc- tive. Two leaves, each bearing an impression only on one side, were pasted together so as to form two pages, and the whole were collected in a book of portable form.
These Block Books were for the most part of a sacred character, and in an age when manuscripts were rare and great ignorance prevailed, they must in no small degree have helped to advance the cause of Re- ligion and Education.
Perhaps the " Biblia Pauperum," although not one of the earliest, was one of the most popular as it is one of the most interesting of these xylographic productions. It contains a short abstract of the Bible, illus- trated in a remarkable manner by designs of the chief stories of the Old and New Testament.
The " Ars Memorandi," a memoria technica of the Four Gospels, although rude in execution, gives an idea of the character of some of the religious instruction afforded in the fifteenth century.
In the " Kunst Ciromantia," we have an early example of the use of the press, the leaves having woodcuts and text printed on each side.
The great expense attending the process of printing from blocks led to a further development of the art. Experiments may have been made with wooden moveable type, but of this there is no distinct evidence, and the want of some more durable substance which would produce a more defined impression than wood, was likely to be felt.
We now arrive at that period in the history of the Art of Printing in
46 Carton Celebration*
which the central figure is Johann Gutenberg, that great genius to whose mind it is not unlikely that the Invention of Printing with moveable metal types may have suggested itself, without the intervention of Play- ing Cards, Images of the Saints, or Block Books.
About the year 1436 there was residing in the city of Strasburg one Johann Gensfleisch, surnamed Zum Gutenberg, a native of Mentz, who was engaged in certain mysterious arts, the secrets of which he commu- nicated to two associates. The records of a law-suit which arose on the death of one of his partners, show that the mystery which they had in hand was the art of taking impressions by means of moveable type. As far as we know at present their efforts had, possibly for want of funds, been unattended with success. And we next hear of Gutenberg, about 1450, in his native town, entering into partnership with Johann Fust, who agreed to advance him the money necessary for carrying on his typographical experiments. According to Bernard, in his ad- mirable work on the " History of the Invention of Printing," Gutenberg had already, whilst at Strasburg, conceived the idea of casting the type of his letters in iron moulds, which were provided with inner matrices of lead, in which the letters had been struck with a wooden punch. He was now enabled still further to perfect this invention by cutting each letter on a piece of steel which formed a punch. This he struck into a matrix of copper, which formed the bottom of the mould in which the type was cast. By this process he was enabled to ensure a greater uniformity and sharpness of letter, and to produce a type re- sembling the manuscripts which the press in its infancy, it is supposed, was intended to reproduce. This supposition is strengthened by the fact that in the earliest impressions there is no colophon to indicate that they were produced by means of the printing press, whereas in the first dated printed book, the Mentz Psalter of 1457, it is expressly stated in the subscription that it was not the work of a scribe.
The Letter of Indulgence of Nicolas V. of 1454 was, no doubt, one of the first productions of the Gutenberg-Fust Press — at all events it is the earliest known specimen of the impression of moveable metal type with a date subjoined. But the first important work executed by them was the " Mentz Bible without date," — more commonly known as the " Mazarin Bible," from the name of the Cardinal in whose library a copy of it was first discovered, and which must have appeared about 1455. Of this book a copy is to be seen in the National Library at Paris, con- taining a memorandum of one Cremer, to the effect that it had been illuminated and bound by him in 1456.
The costliness of this undertaking led to a law-suit, by which Gutenberg was condemned to give up all his printing materials to Fust, being unable to repay the money he had advanced him. By the help of Conrad Humery, syndic of Mentz, however, Gutenberg started another press in
Cla00 2B.— 3Detjelopment in iforefgn Countrfe^. 47
1456, which he continued to work until his appointment to the house- hold of Adolphus, Duke of Nassau, in 1465. There is strong evidence to prove that the " Catholicon " of 1460 was one of his productions. The death of this illustrious man occurred in 1468, and whatever doubts may have been entertained at one time as to his having been the Inventor of the Art of Printing with moveable metal type, it must be stated that the rival claims set up for Coster of Haarlem are now generally abandoned by the best instructed of his fellow-countrymen.
To return to Mentz. Fust, on the dissolution of partnership between himself and Gutenberg, associated with himself one of his workmen, Peter Schoeffer, to whom the honour belongs of having been the first to introduce into typography Capital Illuminated Letters, which for beauty of execution and gracefulness of design are unrivalled even at the present day. In 1457 they produced the "Mentz Psalter," the most ancient printed book known with a date, and one of the grandest specimens of the typographic art. In 1462 they gave to the world the first Bible printed with a date, and in a type entirely different from that of the year 1455. According to Fabricius, copies of this celebrated impression, some of which are without subscription, were sold at Paris for sixty crowns, and from the number disposed of, they were supposed to have been printed by magic
Notwithstanding the precautions which had hitherto been taken to preserve the secret of the new invention, Albert Pfister, formerly em- ployed in Gutenberg's office, had succeeded in establishing a press at Bamberg, and in printing a Bible there not later than the year 1460 ; and the discovery at Freiburg, in Breisgau, of a copy of the " Biblia Latina" by Mentelin, in two volumes, with the respective dates of 1460 and 1461 affixed by the illuminator, conclusively proves that in the city of Stras- burg the printing press was at work at a period almost as early.
Had it not, however, been for the capture of Mentz by Adolphus of Nassau in the following year, an event which dispersed so many of Gutenberg's and Fust's workmen, the development of the art of typo- graphy throughout the world might have been deferred for an indefinite period. At Cologne, Ulric Zel commenced printing in 1466, and Augs- burg acquired a knowledge of the art from Gunther 2^iner. At Nurem- berg, where Koberger acquired the name of " Librariorum Princeps," Sensenschmidt, one of its citizens, was the first to print in 1470.
In Italy Arnold Pannartz and Conrad Sweynheym found a refuge at Subiaco, where they printed three, if not four works. In 1467, they were induced by the Massimi family to establish a press in their house at Rome. Up to the year 1474, when Sweynheym, wishing to devote himself to copper engraving, retired from partnership, it is said they pro- duced 1 2,000 volumes, a supply which exceeded the demand, as appears from a petition addressed to Pope Sixtus IV. by the Bishop of Aleria, one of their wannest patrons.
48 Cajcton Celebration^
In 1469, Philip de Lavagna had introduced printing at Milan, which rendered itself remarkable in the annals of typography as having produced the first book printed in the Greek language, the " Lascaris Grammar" of 1476, and also the earUest impression extant of any part of sacred writ in the Greek tongue ; the Psalter, namely, of 148 1.
In the same year at Venice, John of Spire divulged the secrets of the typographical art, which the Aldi subsequently developed to a degree of perfection not to be surpassed at the present day. In this city, Jenson, formerly Master of the Mint at Tours, made himself celebrated by the beauty of his type and the number of his productions. To Aldus Pius Manucius, the head of that great family of printers which were in Italy what the Stephenses were in later years in France, the honour is due of having made the first attempt at the production of cheaper and more portable books, by the introduction of the Aldine or Italic type. He has left behind him the reputation of having been a learned scholar, as well as one of the greatest printers on record, and the formation of an " Aldine Academy " over which he presided, and to which Erasmus and most of the learned men of the day belonged, testifies to the high estimation in which he was held by his contemporaries.
Whilst printing was thus proceeding with such rapidity at Rome, Milan, and Venice, a corresponding activity was manifesting itself in other towns of Italy. The Florentine Press, afterwards celebrated for the productions of the Giuntas, was being inaugurated by the goldsmith Cennino, in the year 147 1, and at the same time, Sixtus Riessinger, a priest from Strasburg, was printing the first book published at Naples, where his fellow-countryman, Matthias Moravus, was soon to attain the highest reputation for the beauty of his works.
But, in considering the rapid progress of the typographical art within fifty years of its invention, we are reminded of the fact that, if the taking of Mentz led to its being gradually disseminated throughout Europe, an event of far greater importance largely contributed towards its further development. The capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 forced many illustrious Greeks to find a refuge in Italy, bearing with them literary treasures which, in the course of a few years, were to be revealed to the civilized world through the medium of the printing press.
The honour of introducing typography into France belongs to the Theological College of the Sorbonne at Paris, two of its members having induced Gering, Crantz, and Friburger, three working printers from Germany, to set up a press within its walls in 1470. Three years later Barth. Buyer, a man of good family at Lyons, commenced printing in his native city. Simultaneously Switzerland produced its first printed book at Miinster in Aargau, and in 1474, one of Gutenberg's associates, Bertholdus Rot, established a press at Basle, where Johannes Froben, -Erasmus' friend, in 15 16 published the first Greek Testament.
Cla00 S*— SDetelopment in govtiQn Countvit^i. 49
In Holland, typography was first practised at Utrecht, 1471-73, by Nic. Ketelaer and Gherardus de Leempt, and Johannes de Westfalia, the earliest printer in Belgium, produced his first work in 1473 ^^ Alost, where Thierri Martens, distinguished by the name of the " Aldus " of the Low Countries, set up as a master printer in 1487. About 1476 Colard Mansion, a caligraphist, was making his first essays at Bruges, his native city, in the typographical art, the knowledge of which he after- wards imparted to William Caxton. At Delft, in 1477, Jacobs and Yements published the first Dutch Old Testament, and in 1523 printing commenced at Amsterdam, which will be ever held in repute on account of the productions of the Elzevir Press towards the end of the 17 th century.
If we turn to the extreme points of Europe we find that printing was car- ried on in Spain, at Seville in 1476, and still further encouraged at Alcala by Cardinal Ximenes, the publisher of the first Polyglot Bible of 15 14-17 ; at Constantinople efforts were made by the Jews as early as 1490 to develop the art; and typography was introduced into Iceland in 1530 through the energy of John Areson, Bishop of the See of Hoolum.
In the New World, Mexico can claim the honour of having been the first city to produce a printed book before 1550, and in the United States the name of Benjamin Franklin is connected with some of the earliest attempts at typography in that country, where the first press was established in 1638, at Cambridge in Massachusetts.
Within such a necessarily limited space it is not possible to do more than give a rapid sketch of the early history of printing. It is hoped that some general idea of its progress abroad may be obtained by an examination of the collection before us, containing as it does some of the finest productions of the foreign press ; many of them indeed are justly entitled to a place amongst the specimens remarkable for rarity or beauty of execution, but they are exhibited under this particular Class in order that the Development of the Art of Printing in Foreign Countries might be illustrated as completely as possible.
50 Cajcton Celebration.
Section I. IMPRESSIONS FROM WOODEN BLOCKS.
345-
T. CHRISTOPHER. A woodcut coloured with the hand, bearing the date of 1423. Lent by Earl Spencer.
This woodcut, the most ancient specimen extant with a date of the use of printing ink, is pasted inside the cover of ** Laus Virginis," a manuscript dis- covered in the Chartreuse of Buxheim, near Memmingen, by Baron Heinecken, who says, "At least we know with certainty by this piece of engraving, that both images and letters were printed in 1423."
346. The Annunciation of the Virgin. A woodcut, coloured with the hand. Lent by Earl Speticer.
This woodcut was pasted inside the cover of "Laus Virginis."
347. Impression from a Block, representing St. Bridget
Lent by Earl Spencer. Coloured with some glutinous substance, and transferred from the block to paper by means of a rubber and not the press.
348. Impression from a Block — representing St. Anthony.
Lent by Earl Spencer. Produced in the same manner as the impression of St. Bridget.
Section II. BLOCK BOOKS.
^ 349-
gjjjgRS Moriendi. 4to. Twelve leaves stuck together, so as to form
!^^^ twenty-four pages, with a single leaf at the commencement and
^flSii ^^^* -^^^ ^y ^^^^ Spencer.
First edition, according to Heinecken. With coloured woodcuts, transferred,
together with the text, from the block, by means of the rubber. The cuts are
coloured by hand. This, according to Sotheby, is supposed to be the earliest
xylographic production in the form of a book.
350. BiBLiA Pauperum Latine. Folio. Forty leaves. With woodcuts.
Lent by Earl Spencer. Heinecken describes four editions with forty leaves, and a fifth with fifty.
351. BiBLi A Pauperum. Folio. Lent by Dr. Gott.
Deficient in three pages. Second edition, according to Heinecken.
Cla52(0 ©>— 2Detielopment in Jforefffn Countries. si
352. BiBLiA Pauperum. Folio. Lent by the Earl of Leicester.
Remarkably large and perfect copy of this particular edition, containing forty leaves, which, according to Heinecken, is the fourth.
353. HiSTORiA seu Providentia Virginis Marias ex Cantico Canticorum. Folio. Nine pages, printed on both sides. Lent by Earl Spencer.
354. Sancti Johannis Apocalypsis. Folio. With woodcuts, coloured by hand. Lent by Earl Spencer.
In the German binding of the fifteenth century, with the date 1467 impressed outside. According to Heinecken, there were five different editions of this work.
355. Original Block, from which page 2 of the "Apocalypsis S. Johannis," was produced by means of friction.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
356. Sancti Johannis Apocalypsis. Folio. With woodcuts, coloured by hand. Lent by Earl Spencer.
A different edition to the former one. Woodcuts, and text, produced by friction.
357. Enndkrist [Anti Christ] Germ. Folio. With woodcuts, rudely coloured like the " Quindecem Signa," to which it was probably attached. L^nt by Earl Spencer.
The leaves are separate, and text and illustrations were transferred to the paper by rubbing.
358. Quindecem Signa extremi Judicii prsecedentia. Germanic. Folio. Ten leaves with woodcuts, coloured by hand.
Lent by Earl Spencer, Text and illustrations produced by friction, not by the printing press.
359. Ars Memorandi. Folio. Thirty leaves with text and illustra- tions on one side. Lent by Earl Spencer.
A Memoria Technica, for learning the Four Gospels by heart, by means of woodcuts, coloured with some glutinous substance like oil. The occurrence of the words "grabactum Tuum et ambula" in the seventeenth and eighteenth lines of the first page, instead of "grabatum tuum et vade," indicates, accord- ing to Heinecken, that this is the first edition. The illustrations and text have been transferred to the paper by rubbing.
360. Speculum Humanae Salvationis. Dutch. Folio. Sixty-two leaves, with text, and woodcuts on one side, forming thirty-one pages.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
Probably by the same artist who produced the ** Biblia Pauperum," so far as the illustrations are concerned, which were produced by means of the rubber, having been struck off in pale brown ink. The text was executed with metal types and in black ink.
52 Caxton Celebration.
361. Die Kunst Ciromantia. Das nachgeschriben buch von der haund hat zu teiitsch gemacht Doctor Hartlieb, I 5^JlL8 (1448), iorg scapff zu augspurg. Folio. Twenty-four pages printed on both sides. Lent by Earl Spencer,
On the first page Doctor Hartlieb is represented giving a copy of his book to Princess Anne of Augspurg, his patroness.
362. MiRABiLiA Romae, Germanic^. 4to. Lent by Earl Spencer.
An abridged history of Rome, of which several editions appeared. This one, to which Brunet assigns the date 1480, he pronounces to be the rarest. The type of the letters is very rude, and the wood engravings sharply cut.
363. Calendaire. Duodecimo. Printed on vellum.
Lent by Earl Spencer,
A most remarkable, and perhaps the first xylographic production, executed in France. It contains several calendars and maps of France, Flanders, and Great Britain. The dates 1458 to 1467 are inserted with a pen.
Section III. IMPRESSIONS FROM MOVEABLE METAL TYPES.
364.
ITTER^ Indulgentiarum Nicolai V. Pont : Max: 1454.
Lent by Earl Spencer,
The earliest known specimen of the impression of metal types with a date. Executed at Mentz by Gutenberg. The Indulgence was issued by Nicholas v., in 1451, to all who by sums of money were willing to assist King John II. of Cyprus against the Turks. It was preached by one Paulinus Chappe, who, possibly having heard of the invention of printing at Mentz, made his way there, and was glad to make use of the press as a more expeditious and cheaper means of publishing the letter he was commanded to issue than the pen of a scribe. It will be observed in this copy that the date 1454 has been turned into 1455 by a stroke of the pen. The large type closely resembles that of the Mazarine Bible (No. 366).
365. LiTTERiE Indulgentiarum Nicolai V. Pont. Max., 1455.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
A copy of the same, being the second issue of the third edition, according to M. Leon de Laborde. The large type is identical with that of the Bible of 1461 (No. 384), and that used by Pfister at Bamberg.
Cla00 B*— 2Det)elopment in jForeiffn €onnttit^. 53
Section IV.
PRINTED BOOKS.
GERMANY.— Mentz, 1450.
GENSFLEISCH Von Sulgeloch zum Gudenberg, commonly known as Gutenberg, after having made unsuccessful experiments with one Andr, Dry- zehn at Strasburg in printing, associated himself with Johann Fust, of
Mentz, with whose assistance he is supposed to have produced the "Biblia
Latina," of 42 lines. Being unable to pay back to Fust the money advanced by him towards this undertaking, he was obliged to give up to him the whole printing establish- ment in 1455, which Fust carried on after taking into partnership one of his workmen, Peter Schoeffer, of Gernsheim, who subsequently became his son-in-law. Gutenberg was enabled to start another press in 1456, by the help of Conrad Humbrecht, syndic of Mentz, and in 1460 produced the "Catholicon." He died in 1468.
366. BiBLiA Latina Vulgata. Supposed to have been printed by Gutenberg, assisted by Fust, at Mentz, 1450-55. Folio. 2 vols.
Zeni by Earl Spencer. Vol. I. exhibited in Class C, Section I. The first printed Bible, and the first complete printed book known. Com- monly called the ** Mazarine " Bible, the first copy of it having been discovered in Cardinal Mazarin's library. According to Brunet only twenty-eight copies exist, of which seven are on vellum.
367. PsALTERiuM. Fust and Schoeffer. Mentz, 1457. Folio. On vellum. Lent by Earl Spencer.
The Mentz Psalter, 143 leaves. The first printed Psalter, the first book printed with a date, and the first example of printing in colours. Only six or seven copies known to exist. The copy lent by Her Majesty the Queen is exhibited in Class C, Section I.
368. PsALTERiUM. Fust and Schoeffer. Mentz, 1459. Folio. On vellum. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Second edition of the Mentz Psalter, almost as rare as the first. Contains the first printed text of the Athanasian Creed. Second printed book with a date.
369. DuRANDUS. Rationale Divinorum Officiorum. Fust and Schoeffer. Mentz, 1459. Folio. Vellum. Lent by Earl Spencer.
The third book printed with a date. The first book in Fust and Schoeffer's smallest type.
370. Clementis Papae V. Constitutiones. Fust and Schoeffer. Mentz, 1460. Folio. Vellum. L^nt by Earl Spencer.
First edition. The fourth dated book.
54 Carton Celebration*
371. Catholicon, seu Grammatica et Lexicon Joannis Balbi de Janua. Supposed to have been printed by Gutenberg. Mentz, 1460. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
The fifth dated book. Bechtermunze, who redeemed the types of Gutenberg from Conrad Humbrecht, printed a vocabulary in 1467 in the same characters as those of the present work.
372. BiBLiA Latina Vulgata. Fust and Schoeffer. Mentz, 1462. Folio. 2 vols. (vol. I exhibited in Class C). Vellum.
Lent by Earl Spencer^
The sixth dated book. First edition of the Bible bearing the name of a
printer, the place, and year of execution. Some copies have no subscription,
which would make it probable that in the first instance this Bible, as has been
said by Fabricius, was sold by Fust as a manuscript at Paris.
373. Cicero Officia et Paradoxa. Fust and Schoeffer. Mentz, 1465. Vellum. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First edition of the first Latin Classic printed.
374. Grammatica Rhythmica. Fust and Schoeffer. Mentz, 1466. Folio. L^nt by Earl Spencer.
Of greatest rarity. Printed with the same type as the " Durandus," 1459.
375. JusTiNiANUS. Institutionum Libri V. Peter Schoeffer. Mentz, 1468. Vellum. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Printed with the same type as the Bible of 1462. First edition.
376. Breydenbach, Johannes de. Peregrinatio. Erard Reiiwich. Mentz, i486. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
One of the first books of travels printed, and the first illustrated with folding views. (Exhibited in Class G.)
Bamberg, 1460.
Albert Pfister, one of Gutenberg's and Schoeffer's workmen probably, left Mentz to form a printing establishment here, before it was taken in 1462, the similarity of his type to that of Gutenberg appearing to corroborate this supposition. After his death in that year Bamberg was without a printer, until Sensenschmidt left Nuremberg to establish a press here in 148 1.
377. Biblia Latina. Probably printed at Bamberg by Albrecht Pfister about 1460. 2 vols. Lent by Earl Spencer.
The types in this Bible are exactly conformable with those used in Pfister's "Biblia Pauperum" and in his "Histories of Joseph, Daniel, Judith, and Esther." M. Van Praet states that a leaf of this Bible was discovered in the substance of the cover of an account-book of the Abbey of St. Michael at Bamberg, commencing on March 21, 1460, and in a copy of it in the National Library at Paris the date 1461 occurs on the last leaf, inserted in red ink by the illuminator.
378. BiBLiA Pauperum Latine. Printed by Pfister. Folio.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
€la$i0 B*— 3Det)riopment in Jforefgix CountrfejJ* 55
379. Histories of Joseph, Daniel, Judith, and Esther. German. Pfister. Bamberg, 1462. Folio. Coloured woodcuts.
Zenf by Earl Spencer. Exhibted in Class D, Section i.
Strasburg, 1460. Joh. Mentelin was the first printer in this his native city. In 1447 he was registered as a qualified illuminator, and elected a member of the Society of Painters. Gutenberg is supposed to have initiated him in the art of printing.
380. BiBLiA Sacra Latina [Strasburg. Mentelin]. (Exhibited in Class C.) Lent by Earl Spencer.
Mr. Bradshaw, the University Librarian at Cambridge, has had the oppor- tunity of examining a copy of this Bible at Freiburg, in Breisgau, of which Vol. I. was rubricated in 1460, and Vol. 11. in 1461.
381. BiBLiA Sacra Germanica. Supposed to have been printed by Mentelin. Strasburg. Folio. 2 parts (part i exhibited in Class C). Lent by Earl Spencer,
** Editio princeps " of the sacred text in German.
382. Gratianus. Decretum cum apparatu. Eggesteyn. Strasburg,
147 1. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First dated book printed at Strasburg.
383. Valerius Maximus. Comment, de Burgo. Mentelin. Strasburg,
1472. L^nt by H. White^ Esq.
384. Terentii Comediae. Strasburg, 1496. Griiningen. Folio.
Lent by H. White, Esq. With woodcuts.
385. Jacobi Magni Sophologium. Mentelin. Lent by Sir Charles Reed.
First edition. Reprinted by Caxton in English under the title of the ** Book of Good Manners."
386. The Golden Bull. Strasburg : Joh. Prussz, 1485. Folio.
Lent by J. E. Nightingale, Esq. Imperial Constitution made by the Emperor Charles IV. The Magna Charta of the German Empire. With woodcuts.
386*.HoRTULUS anime Argetine. Joh. Knoblouch, 1507. 8vo.
Lent by Earl Beauchamp.
Cologne, 1465.
Ulric Zel, of Hanau, one of the employes in Fust and Schoeffer's printing-ofiice at Mentz, was the first to convey the secret of the art of printing here from that city on its capture by Adolphus, Duke of Nassau, in 1462.
56 Carton Celebration*
387. Chrysostomus super Psalmo L. Ulric Zel. Cologne, 1466. 4to. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First book printed by Zel with a date. A tract of excessive rarity.
388. Sermo in Festo Presentationis. 1470. 4to.
Lent by Earl Spencer. The first book known to have been printed by Therhoenen, of Cologne, and the earliest known to have the leaves numbered.
389. Fasciculus Temporum. Cologne, 1474. Therhoenen.
Unt by H. White, Esq.
390. Albertus Magnus, De secretis mulierum. . No imprint. (Nic. Gotz de Stetzstat, about 1477.) 4to. Lent by Earl Spencer.
391. GoTSCHALCHUS Hiller. Preceptorium Novum. Guldenschaff. Cologne, (14)81.
Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College, London.
392. Aristotelis, Textus trium librorum de Anima Koelhoff Colonien- sis. 1 49 1. Folio.
Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College.
393. Cronica v. der Hilliger Stat va Coelle. Germ. Koelhoff. Cologne, 1499. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Contains an important passage relating to the invention of printing with metal types.
Augsburg, 1468.
Gunther Zainer, of Reutlingen, first set up a press here. He may have learnt the art of printing from its first inventors. He first introduced Roman type into Germany.
394. BoNAVENTURA. Meditationes Vitae Christi. Gunther Zainer. Augsburg, 1468. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First book printed at Augsburg.
395. Speculum Vitae Humanse. Gunther Zainer. 1471.
Lent by H. White, Esq.
396. Legend A Sanctorum. Apparently by Gunther Zainer.
Lent by J. E. Hodgkin, Esq,
Very quaint pictures. First illustration of the Guillotine.
Nuremberg, 1470.
Joh. Sensenschmidt, a citizen of Nuremberg, was the first printer. He moved his press in 1481 to Bamberg. Koberger, who printed here 147 1 to 1513, was distin- guished by the name of " Librariorum Princeps." He is said to have had 24 presses and 100 men constantly at work, besides furnishing work for presses at Basle, Lyons, and other places. He printed 13 editions of the Bible.
€la^0 B.—iaDeteldpment m Jforeign Countrie^^ 57
397. F. DE Retza. Comestorium Vitiorum. Nuremberg, 1470. Folio.
Lent by Earl Spencer. First book printed at Nuremberg with a date.
398. Thomas Aquinas de Veritate Catholice Fidei. Nurembergae. Sensenschmidt, 1474. Lent by Robert White, Esq.
399. BiBLiA Sacra Latina. Nuremburgae. Frisner et Johannes Sen- senschmid, 1475. Folio. 2 vols. (vol. i exhibited in Class C).
Lent by Earl Spencer.
400. Marcho Polo. Von Venedig der Grost Landtfarer. Germanice. Creussner. Nuremberg, 1477. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First edition. A translation from an Italian MS.
401. Glossa Psalterii David Magistri Petri Lombardi. Nurembergae : Andr. Frisner, 1478. Folio.
Le7tt by the President and Governors of Sion College.
402. BoETHius de Consolatione Philosophie. A. Coburger, Nurem- berg, 1476. Folio. Lent by H. S. Harland, Esq.
403. Speculum Aureum fratris Henrici Herp. Ant. Koburger. Nurem- bergae, 1 48 1.
404. Chronicarum Liber. Koberger. Nuremberg, 1493. Folio.
Lent by H. White, Esq. Compiled by Hartman Schedel, a physician of Nuremberg, and containing woodcuts executed by Wohlgemuth (Albrecht DUrer's master) and Pley- denwurfF. (Exhibited in Class G.)
405. SuMMA angelica de casibus conscientie per Angelum de Clavasio. Nurembergae : Anth. Koberger, 1498. Folio.
Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College.
406. HoRTULUS anime. Argetine; Johann Knoblouch, 1507. 8vo.
Lent by Earl Beatichamp. Illustrated with woodcuts.
407. Speculum de Passione domini nostri Jesu Christi. Nuremberg : Peypus, 1519. Lent by H. White, Esq.
408. BiBLiA Germanica Martini Lutheri. Peypus. Nuremberg, 1524. 3 vols. (vols. I and 2 exhibited in Class C). Folio. Vellum.
Lent by Earl Spencer. The Prophets which are wanting in this edition did not appear till 1 532.
58 Ca;cton Celebration*
409. DiRECTORiUM humane vite alias parabole antiquoru sapientu. Woodcuts. Folio. Lent by the Rev. J. F. Russell
410. Stella Clericonim (1490). 4to. Lent by Sir Charles Reed,
Spira, 147 1.
The first work printed here bears no printer's name. Peter Drach, 1477- 1504, is the first printer mentioned.
411. Alberti Magni Compendium. Spirae, 1473.
Lent by H, White, Esq.
412. Peregrinatio in Montem Syon. Spine: Petrus Drach, 1490. Folio. LentfrojH the Signet Library.
Ulm, 1472. J. Zainer, related to Gunther Zainer, first printed here.
413. Alberti de Padua, Sermones de Domenicis. Ulme : Johannes Zainer, 1480. Folio.
Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College.
414. AuREA Biblia. Liber manualis in Biblie historias. Ulm : J. Zainer de Reutlingen. 2nd edition. Lent by H. WJiite^ Esq.
415. BucH der Weiszhait. [The Fables of Bidpai in German, from the Latin version of Joannes de Capua.] Leonard Holl. Ulm, 1483. 8 MaL Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
EssLiNGEN, 1472.
The first dated book in the type of Conrad Fyner, who is supposed to have been the only printer in this town during the sixteenth century, is dated 1472.
416. Petri Lombardi Glossa ordinaria in Epistolas Pauli. Esslingae, Conrad Fyner. Folio.
Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College.
LuBECK, 1475. Lucas Brandis, after printing in Saxony, first established a press here.
417. Biblia Lingua Saxonica inferiori. Lubec, 1491. Folio. 2 vols, (vol. I exhibited in Class C). Lent by Earl Spencer.
An edition in great estimation on account of its rarity, according to Vogt. With large woodcuts.
Cla00 B.— 2Det3elopment in JForeigit Countries. 59
418. Dat Bok der Medelydinghe MarieiL Lubec, 1498. Arnd. i2mo.
y. E. Hodgkin^ Esq. With curious woodcuts. Excessively rare.
Tubingen, 1498.
Johannes Ottmar was the first to print in this town of Wirtemburg.
419. Terentii Comoediae. Tubingae in sedibus Thomae Anselmi Badensis, 15 16. Lent by Sir Charles Reed.
ITALY.
SUBIACO, 1462.
On the capture of Mentz by Adolphus of Nassau, Conrad Sweynheym and Arnold Pannartz, two of Gutenberg's and Schoeffer's workmen, took refuge in Italy, and set up a printing-press in the Monastery of Subiaco. They first produced a small school- book, which they named " Donatus," of which no authentic copy has been found, and the three following works : —
420. Cicero de Oratore. Libri III. Subiaco. 4to.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
First known book printed in Italy. A copy of this work at Lugano contains some manuscript notes, with the date September, 1465. The '* Lactantius " was printed October, 1465.
421. Lactantius adversus gentes de ira Del Subiaco, 1465. Folio.
Lent by Earl Spencer. The first work printed in Italy with a date.
422. AuGUSTiNUS de Civitate Del Subiaco: Sweynheym and Pannartz, 1467. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Rome, 1467.
Swejmhejnn and Pannartz set up a printing-press in the house of Peter and Francis de Maximis, who had induced them to leave Subiaco and come to Rome. In 1474 the partnership broke up, as Sweynheym wished to devote himself to the art of copper- engraving. They were the first to make use of Roman characters, and their works are rare, as they only struck off 275 or 3CX) copies of each edition. Almost all their publications were revised by J. Andreas, Bishop of Aleria.
423. Cicero ad familiares. Sweynheym and Pannartz. Rome, 1467.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
First impression of the first book printed at Rome, and the first edition in which these two printers' names appear. First book printed in Roman characters.
6o Cairton Celebration*
424. ViRGiLius. Sweynheym and Pannartz. Rome, about 1469. Folio. Lent by Earl Speticer.
First edition. Very rare.
425. Plinius Senior. Sweynheym and Pannartz. Rome, 1470. Folio. Vellum. Lent by Earl Spencer,
426. AuGUSTiNUS de Civitate Dei. Romae, 1470.
Lent by H. White, Esq,
427. BiBLiA Latina Vulgata. Sweynheym and Pannartz. Rome, 147 1. Folio. 2 vols. (vol. I exhibited in Class C).
LeJit by Earl Spencer. The second Bible printed with a date, the Mentz Bible, 1462, having been the first, and the first printed at Rome. Only 275 copies were struck off.
428. TuRRECREMATA (Torquemada).. I. de. Meditationes. Ulric Han. Rome, 1467. Folio. I^nt by Earl Spencer,
Ulric Han, the first printer at Vienna, settled in Rome on the invitation of the Pope's Nuncio, Torquemada.
429. Chronicon Pontificum Imperatorumque. J. de Lignamine. Rome, 1474. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First edition. Contains the earliest printed memorandum respecting the ancient printers.
430. Pindar. Olympia, Nemea, Pythia, Isthmia. Romae : Zacharias Calergi, 1515. 4to. Lent by T. Jenner, Esq.
The first book printed in Greek at Rome.
430*. Bull of Pope Sixtus IV., Rome.
Milan, 1469.
Philip de Lavagna, as appears by the colophon to his "Treatise on Medicine," by Avicinus, 1473, was the first printer here.
431. Lascaris, Grammatica Graeca. Dionysius Paravisinus. Milan, 1476. 4to. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First edition of the first book printed in Greek. This was composed for the daughter of Francis Sforza, Duke of Milan, into whose house Lascaris had been received on taking refuge in Italy, with many of his countrymen, after the taking of Constantinople.
432. ^sopus. Vita et Fabulae. Gr. et Lat. 4to. Printed at Milan about 1480. Bonus Accursius. Lent by Earl Spencer,
First edition of the first Greek Classic printed.
433. Officia Ambrosil Mediolani : Christopher. Valdarfer, 1474. 4to.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
First book produced at Milan by Valdarfer, who had already printed at Venice.
ClajafjS S.— aDetielopment in fovzim €mnttitsi. 6i
Venice, 1469.
Johannes Spira first introduced printing into Venice, which was the capital of the printing-press, between 1465 and 1500, and, according to Panzer, issued 2980 works, executed by no fewer than 198 printers.
434. Cicero ad familiares. Venice : Joh. Spira, 1469. Folio. Vel- lum. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First book printed at Venice, and the first in which Joh. Spira's name appears. According to Van Praat, six copies only on vellum are known. Joh. Spira died in 1470, and was succeeded by his brother Vindelin.
435. Petrarca. Sonetti e Trionfi. Vindelin di Spira, Venice, 1470. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First edition of Petrarch.
436. JoANNis Bocaccii de Certaldo, de montibus, &c. Venetiis, 1473.
Lent by H. White, Esq.
Probably by Vindelin di Spira.
437. BiBLiA Italica. Malherbi. Kal. Aug. Vind. de Spira. Folio. 2 vols. (vol. I exhibited in Class C). Lent by Earl Spencer.
Oldest Italian version known. In Roman type.
438. Eusebii libri de praeparatione evangelica, Jenson. Venice, 1470. Lent by H. White, Esq.
First edition.
439. Aretino, Leonardo. De Bello Italico adversus Gothos. N. Jenson, 147 1. Folio. Unt by W. Blades, Esq.
440. Officium beate virginis. Venetiis: N. Jenson, 1475. i8mo.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
441. Cicero de Oratore. Christopher Valdarfer. Venice, 1470. Folio.
L^nt by Earl Spencer. E^liest production of Valdarfer's press.
442. BoccACio. II Decamerone. Venice: Valdarfer, 147 1. Folio. (Exhibited in Class D, Section i.) Lent by Earl Spencer.
443. BoNiFACius VIII. Liber sextus Decretalium. Jenson. Venice. 1476. Folio. Vellum. Lent by Earl Spenar,
444. DiALOGO di S. Gregorio. Venice, 1475. Lent by H. White, Esq.
445. Serapionis Opus de simplicibus. Venetiis : Rainaldus de Novimagio, 1479. Folio.
Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College.
62 Carton Celebratiom
446. iEciDius Romanus de Sententiis. Venice, 1482. Folio.
Lent by H. White, Esq.
447. MissALE secundum consuetudinem Fratnim Praedicalorum. Venetiis : Andreas de Torresanis de Asula, 1496. Folio. Vellum. Lent by Earl Spencer.
This copy has illuminations and ornamental initials. Andreas Asulanus, the successor of Nicolas Jcnson, commenced printing at Venice in 1480. He was father-in-law of Aldus, and after 1506 assisted him in carrying on the Aldine Press.
448. MuSiEUS. Gr. et Lat Aldus. Venice. 4to. About 1494.
Lent by Earl Spencer. Supposed to be the first book printed by Aldus Pius Manutius, the head of the celebrated Aldine family of Venetian printers. A Roman by birth, he first made himself known at Venice in 1488 by giving public lectures in Greek and Latin. He was on most intimate terras with all the scholars of his day, and formed what was known as the "Aldine Academy," which counted among its members P. Bembo, Erasmus and Demetrius, Chalcondylas, who assisted him in superintending the production of his works. Twenty-eight first editions of Greek classics, besides editions of almost every Greek and Latin author of celebrity, appeared from his press, and he was on the point of publishing a Bible in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, which would have been the first Polyglot, when he died in 151 5.
449. Galeomyomachia. Tragoedia grgeca cum prgefatione Aristobuli Apostolii hierodiaconi. Lent by Earl Spencer.
One of the earliest productions of Aldus.
450. Bembus, Petrus. De ^tna ad Angelum Chabrielem liber. Venice. Aldus, MVD. L^nt by Earl Spencer.
First Latin book printed by Aldus.
451. HoRAE beatiss. virginis. Greek. Venice : Aldus, 1497. i6mo.
L^nt by Earl Spencer. This book is of the greatest rarity.
452. FiRMicius, Julius. Astronomicorum libri octo. "Venetiis cura & diligentia Aldi Ro." 1499. Folio. Unt by Earl Stanhope.
453. EpiSTOLiE Variorum Auctorum Gr. Venice. Aldus, 1499.
Lent by H. White, Esq.
454. PoLiPHiLO. Hypnerotomachia. Venice: Aldus, 1499. Folio. (Exhibited in Class G.) L^nt by Earl Spencer.
455. ViRGiLius. Venetiis. Aldus. " Mense Aprilis," 1501. 8vo. Vellum. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First book printed in Italic type, and the earliest attempt to produce cheap books by compressing the matter into a small space. It is said that the type was invented in imitation of Petrarch's handwriting. Renouard mentions only six copies on vellum.
Cla00 ©.— 3Det)elopment in Jforefffit Countri'ejsf. 63
456. Petrarch. Venegia. Aldus, 1501, "del mese de Luglio." Vellum. 8vo. Lent by Earl Spencer.
The first Italian book printed in italic type, with MS. notes by Cardinal Bembo, who edited this work from an autograph manuscript of Petrarch's.
457. Dante. Aldus, 1502. Venetiis. Mense Aug. 8vo.
Lent by Earl Spencer. A complete copy, 244 leaves. Renouard quotes this edition as the first in which Aldus employed the device of the anchor and dolphin.
458. OviDius. Opera. Venetiis. In aedibus Aldi, 1502-03. 3 vols. 8vo. Vellum. Lent by Earl Spencer.
459. Anthologia Grseca. Venetiis. Aldus, 1503. 8vo. First edi- tion. Lent by Earl Spencer.
461. PiNDARUS. Callimachus. Dionysius. Lycophron. Gr. Venice. Aldus, 15 1 3. 8vo. Vellum. First edition. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Interesting preface in which Aldus gives an account of his labours, and states that he had been printing for 20 years.
463. SiMPLicii Hypomnemata in Aristotelis categorias. Or. Venice. Calliergus, 1499. First edition. Lent by H. White, Esq.
464. MissALEVallisumbrose. Vellum. Venice: Lucantonio di Giunta, 1503. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Philip Giunta and other members of that family printed at Florence.
465. Graduale Romanum. Correctum per fratrem Franciscum de. Brugis ordinis minorum de observantia. Venice : Lucantonio di Giunta, 15 15. Folio. Lent by A. Cohn, Esq.
This handsome service-book has the initial letters and music-staves printed in red, with the text and notes subsequently printed in black ink.
FOLIGNO, 1470.
Emilius de Orfinis, having induced J. Numeister and other German printers to come to Foligno, established a press in his own house.
466. Dante. La Divina Commedia. Numeister. (Foligno), 1472. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Supposed to be the first edition of Dante, claiming precedence of the Jesi and Mantua editions of the poet executed in this year.
64 €axtm Celebration,
Bologna, 147 i.
Balthazar Azzoguidi was the first to print in this his native city, as is recorded in his Ovid of 147 1.
467. OviDius. Balth. Azoguidi. Bologna, 147 1. Folio. 3 vols.
Zeni by Earl Spencer, First book printed at Bologna. Extremely rare.
Ferrara, 147 1. Andreas Gallus, of French origin, first introduced the art of typography here.
468. Ariosto. Orlando furioso. Ferrara per Maestro Majorco del Bondeno. 15 16. 4to. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First edition of this poem, containing only 40 cantos.
Florence, 147 i.
Bernardo Cennini, a goldsmith, first established printing here.
469. Servii Commentarii in Virgilium. Bern. & Dom. Cenninus. Florence, 1471-72. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First dated book, hitherto discovered, printed at Florence.
470. HoMERUS. Opera omnia. Demetrius Cretensis. Florence, 1488. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First edition of Homer. Printed at the expense of the brothers Nerli, from a copy prepared by Demetrius Chalcondylas of Athens.
471. Berlinghieri Geographia. Firenze. Nicolo Todescho.
L^nt by David Laing^ Esq.
Naples, 147 i.
Sixtus Riessinger, a priest of Strasburg, imported printing here. King Ferdinand, anxious that he should settle in his states, offered him a bishopric, which he refused. He afterwards went to Rome.
472. BiBLiA Latina. Mathias Moraviis, Neapoli, 1476. Folio. Vellum.
Lent by Earl Spencer.
Brunet mentions only four copies on vellum. Matt. Moravus, of Olrautz, printed at Genoa with Michael de Monacho in 1474, and settled next year at Naples.
Mantua, 1472.
474. BoccACio. II Decamerone. Petnis Adam de Michaelibus. Mantua, 1472. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Supposed to be the first production of the Mantua Press.
Cla00 25>— 3Detielopment in Jforeign Countries?* 65
Padua, 1472. Bart, de Valdezochio and Mart, de Septem Arboribus were the first printers.
475. BoccACio. La Fiammetta. Valdezocchio. Padua, 1472. 4to.
Lent by Earl Spencer. First book printed at Padua.
476. Andreas, Ant. Quaestiones de tribus principiis rerum naturalium. Laurentius de Lendenaria. 1475. (Patavii.) Folio.
Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College.
477. GuiLELMi Duranti, Speculum judiciale. Joannes ex Alemania de Seligenstad. Patavii, 1479. Folio.
Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College.
Sienna, 1479. The earliest known book here is a work by Franciscus de Aretio.
478. Aristotelis, Oeconomicorum libelli. Impraess. Senis per Symeone Nicolai Nardi. 1508. 4to.
SoNCiNO, 1484.
De Rossi gives this as the earliest date of the first production of the Soncino Press, from which issued, in 1488, the editio princeps of the entire Hebrew Bible, of which Van Praet mentions only thirteen copies.
479. Rabbi Mosis Maimonidis Jad achazaka seu manus fortis. Son- cino, 1490. Folio.
Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College.
FRANCE. Paris, 1470.
Lewis XI. in 1462 sent Nicholas Jenson, master of the Mint at Tours, to Mentz, to acquire the art of printing. Instead of returning to France, Jenson betook himself, after some years, to Venice, where he established a press in 1469. Guillaume Fichet, and Jean de la Pierre, two members of the Sorbonne, induced three working printers — Ulric Gering, Martin Crantz, and Michel Friburger — to come from Germany to Paris, fitting up a room for them in the Sorbonne, where they commenced printing in 1470. Panza enumerates 85 printers, and over 790 works executed at Paris during the fifteenth century.
480. Gasparinus Pergamensis (Barzizius). Folio.
L^nt by Earl Spencer. Supposed to be the first book printed at Paris. F
66 Caxton Celebration*
481. 61BLIA Latina Vulgata. Paris : Gering, Crantz, and Friburger, 1475-76. Folio. 2 vols. (Vol. I exhibited in Class C).
Lent by Earl Spencer.
First Bible printed at Paris. The type is peculiar, between the Roman and Gothic.
482. Croniques de France. Pasquier Bonhomme, 1476. Folio. 3 vols. Lent by Earl Spencer.
First French book printed at Paris.
483. CouTUMES du pays de Normandie. Folio. 1483. Vellum.
L^nt by Earl Spencer. From the press of Jean du Pr^, Paris. First edition.
484. Antidotarium Salutiferum. Parisius : Petnis le Dm, 1499.
Lent by Earl Beauchamp.
485. IsiDORi Hyspalensis Episcopi praeclarissimum opus. Parhisii : Georgius Wolff et Thielman Kerver, 1499.
L^nt by the President and Governors of Sion College.
486. Heures a I'usaige de Rome. Paris : Thyelma Kerver, 1499. 8vo. Lent by the Rev. W. Gott.
Text surrounded with border ornamented with woodcuts.
487. IsiDORi Hyspalensis Ethimologiae. Parisiis : Wolff et Kerver,
1499. L^nt by the President and Governors of Sion College.
488. Heures \ "I'usaige" de Rome. Paris: Philippe Pigouchet,
1500. On vellum. Folio. L^nt by the Rev. W. Gott. Text surrounded with border, ornamented with woodcuts.
490. Psalterium Quincuplex. Parisiis : H. Stephanus, 1509. Folio.
L^nt by Earl Spencer.
Henricus Stephanus (1460- 1 520) was the head of the illustrious and learned family of that name, which for a century and a half .carried on the business of printing at Paris. '' •
492. Commentarii in Lucretium. Jodocus Badius Ascensius. Folio. Paris, 1507. Lent by W. Blades^ Esq.
On the title-page there is the earliest known representation of a printing press. Jodocus Badius, sumamed Ascensius from his birthplace Assche, near Brussels, established a press at Paris about 1507. He was father-in-law to the two cele- brated printers, Robert Stephens and Vascosan.
Cla00 B.— 2Det)elopment in jforeiffn Countries* 67
493. GiLLES de Romme. Regime et gouuememet des Princes. Paris: Guillaume Eustace, 1517. Folio.
Lent by W. Blades, Esq.
494. Croniques de France. Paris : Anthoine Verard.
Lent by the Consistory of the Dutch Churchy Austin Friars.
495. Therence. Paris : Verard. Folio. With woodcuts.
Lent from the Signet Library , Edinburgh.
Lyons, 1473.
Bart. Buyer, of a good family at Lyons, first exercised the typographic art in his native city. The first book printed at Lyons is ** Lotharii Diaconi Compendium," Bartholomaeus Buyer, 1473. 4to.
496. La Legende Dor^e. Earth. Buyer. Lyons, 1476. Folio.
Lent by Earl Spencer. First edition of this work in French.
497. Breydenbach. Peregrinations de Jerusalem. Lyon : Michel Topic de Pymont et J. Heremberck, 1488. Folio.
Lent from the Signet Library , Edinburgh.
498. Recueil des Histoires de Troye. Michel Topic. Lyons, 1490. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Rouen, 1483 or 1487.
Printing was introduced here by means of the Lallemant family, who at their own expense set up a press under the superintendence of Martin Morin and P. Manfer, whom they had had instructed in the typographical art at Paris or in Germany.
500. Tenores Novelli. Impressi per me Wilhelmu le tailleur in opu- lentissima civitate rothomagensi juxta prioratum sanctilaudi ad instantiam Richardi Pynson. Folio.
Lent from the Inner Temple Library.
Richard Pynson, "in partibus Normandiae oriund," according to the letters of naturalization granted him by Henry VIL, came from Rouen.
SWITZERLAND.
Munster in Aargau, 1470.
501. Mamotrectus siue expositio Vocabulorum in Bibliis. Helyas Helye alias de Louffen. Ergowie, 1470. Folio.
Lent by Earl Spencer. First book printed in Switzerland with a date.
68 Cajcton Cclebratfon.
Basle, 1474.
Bertholdus Rot, one of Gutenberg's associates, or Bemardus Richel, was the first printer. One of the most eminent printers in this city was Johannes Froben, who pro- duced the first published Greek Testament in 1516, edited by Erasmus.
502. MiCHAELis de Carchano Mediolanensis Sermonarium Triplica- tum. Basileae : Mich. Wenssler, 1479. Folio.
Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College,
503. MoRALiA Sancti Gregorii. Basileae : Nicolaus Kesler, 1496. Folio. Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College.
504. Brant. Stultifera Navis. J. B. de Olpe. Basil, 1497. 4to.
Lent by H, White, Esq. Exhibited in Class D. The earliest edition.
. 505. Novum Testamentum Erasmi. Gr. et Lat. Basil : Froben, 15 16. Folio. 2 vols. (Vol. I exhibited in Class C).
Lent by Earl Spencer.
First edition of the Greek New Testament, which having been executed, as it is reported, in five months, abounds in errors which were corrected in sub- sequent editions.
J. Froben, of Franconia, studied at the University of Basle, where he began printing in 1491. He was on terms of intimacy with the "savants" of the day, and was highly praised by Erasmus for his generosity and disin- terestedness.
Geneva, 1478.
The first printer here is unknown, as all the impressions bear no name before 1480, in which year Adam Steynschawer was the first to print.
506. LivRE des Sains Anges. 1478. Folio. " Imprim^ a genefue."
L^nt by Earl Spencer. First book printed at Geneva.
LOW COUNTRIES. Utrecht, 1471-73.
The first town of Holland in which typography was practised. Nic. Ketelaer and Gherardus de Leempt were the first printers who put their names or an imprint to their books here ; but from the fact that the woodcuts of the "Speculum" (a copy of which is exhibited among the Block Books), when first cut up and used to illustrate other books, occur in books printed at Utrecht in 1481, it is at least possible that the whole group of books printed in the types of the '* Speculum," which were formerly attri- buted to Coster, were in reality printed here. A copy of one of these books, now at the Hague, was bought during the period 1471-74; they must therefore at least be placed back as far as that date.
Cla00 B.— 3Debelopment (a jforeign Countries* 69
507. Fasciculus Temponim. Utrecht : J. Veldenaer, 1480. Folio.
Lent by F. Muller and Co.
Veldener had already printed at Louvain in 1476, and in 1483 set up a press at Culemberg.
Alost, 1473.
Johannes de Westfalia, the earliest printer in Belgium, printed his first work here in 1473, in conjunction with Thierri Martens. He removed to Louvain between June and December, 1474, and continued working there until 1496. Th. Martens, after producing one book by himself in October, 1474, ceases altogether until he re-appears as a master printer at Alost in 1487, from which time he continued an uninterrupted course, either at Alost, Antwerp, or Louvain, for more than forty years. He has been called the "Aldus" of the Low Countries.
508. Speculum Conversionis Peccatorum. Alost, 1473. 4^0-
Lent by Earl Spencer. First book printed in the Low Countries with a date.
Bruges, 1476.
Colard Mansion, a caligraphist of Bruges, left that city in 1469 to learn the art of typography, the knowledge of which he subsequently imparted to Caxton. On his return to Bruges he commenced printing, about 1476. Only twenty works of his are known, and after 1484 nothing more is heard of him.
509. BoECE de Consolation de Phylosophye. Bruges : Colard Man- sion, 1477. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
Deventer, 1477.
510. QuATUOR Novissima. Daventriae per Jacobum de Breda, 1494.
Lent by Sir Charles Reed.
Delft, 1477. Jacob Jacobs zoen and Maurice Yements zoen were the first printers here.
511. Vetus Testamentum Belgicum. Delft : Jacobs zoen and Yements zoen, 1477. 2 vols. Sm. folio. (Vol. i exhibited in Class C).
L^nt by Earl Spencer.
The first and only work known in which these two printers' names appear. It does not contain the Book of Psalms. The first impression of the Old Testament in Dutch.
512. Boutillier. Somme rurael — ghepret te Delff in Hollant : Jacobsz van der Meer, 1483. Folio.
Lent by F. Muller and Co,
70 Carton Celebration.
GOUDA, 1477.
The press was first established here by Gerard Leeu, who in 1484 went to Antwerp.
513. Dyalogus creaturanim appellatus jucundis fabulis planus. Per gerardum leeu in opido goudensi finitus est 1482. With wood- cuts. 4to. Lent by Her Majesty the Qtieen.
Antwerp, 1482.
The earliest book known from this town was printed by Mathis van der Goes. Gerard Leeu printed here in 1480, and Christopher Plantin, one of the most celebrated of the Antwerp printers, produced his first work here in 1555.
514. Lyndewode, Constitutiones provinciales Anglie. Antwerpie, 1525.
Lent by Earl Beauchamp.
Haerlem, 1483.
The first book printed here bearing a date is ** Lyden ende die Passi. . . . voleyn- det tot Haerlem in Hollant 1483 den 10 dach in decembri," 4to., of which only one copy is known to exist. On the last leaf Jacob Bellaert's mark appears.
515. Laurentius. Summe le roy of des Conines summe. Haerlem: Jacob Bellaert, 1484. Lent by F. Muller and Co.
516. Saavedra (Fanardo). Don Riego de. Idea de un principe politico Christiano. i2mo. Amst. apud J. Sansonium, 1659.
Lent by G. Unwin^ Esq.
Amsterdam, 1523.
Panzer gives "Luther's New Testament" translated into Dutch, printed by Doen Pieterson, 1524, as the earliest specimen.
517. La Saincte Bible. Amsterdam; chez Louis et Daniel Elzevier, 1669. Folio. 2 vols. (Vol. I exhibited in Class C.)
Lent by Earl Spencer.
SPAIN. Seville, 1476.
Printing was introduced here by three Spaniards — Ant. Martinez, Barth. Segura, and Alph. del Puerto. Numerous and valuable works were produced here during the fifteenth century.
Cla00 }B*— SDetelopment m iForeiffit Countn'ejaf* 71
518. Leyes de Partida. " Imprimidas son estas siete partidas enla muy noble t muy leal ciudad de Sevilla por Meynardo Ungut Alamanno t Lan^alao Polono conpaneros." 1491. Folio.
Lent by Lord Hatherley.
Burgos, 1485.
The earliest authenticated specimen of Burgos typography was printed by Fride- ricus de Basilea in 1485.
519. CopiLACiON de Leyes. Burgos: Fadrique Aleman, 1488. Folio.
L^nt by A. Cohn^ Esq. A fine specimen of printing by Fridericus de Basilea.
Toledo, 7486.
Johannes Vasquez was the first printer, who was succeeded by Juan Tellez in 1495, and by Peter Hagembach, a German, in, 1498.
520. Breviarium secundum regula beati Ysidori dictum Mozarabes " Impssum i regali civitate Toleti per magistrum Petru Hagembach Alemanu." 1502. Folio. Lent by Earl Spencer.
This copy formerly belonged to Jean Baptiste Colbert.
Valladolid, 1493.
Mendez gives this as the approximate date of the introduction of printing at Valla- dolid. In 1500 a press was existing in a monastery of this city.
521. Lectura legum. Valisoleti, 1539.
Lent by W. H. Rylands, Esq.
Alcala, 1502.
Mendez has given us evidence that the Alcala Press was at work in 1502. It will ever be famous in the annals of literature from its having given to the world the first Polyglot Bible.
522. BiBLiA Polyglotta Cardinalis Francisci Ximenez. In Complu- tensi Universitate. A. de Brocario, 15 14-17. 6 vols. Folio.
Lent by the President and Governors of Sion College. First Polyglot Bible. Printed at the expense of Cardinal Ximenes. Did not receive the sanction of Pope Leo X. until 1520 for publication. Copies, of which only 600 were printed, were not circulated until 1522.
TURKEY. Constantinople, 1490.
The earliest printing here was that of the Jews, who are believed to have executed Hebrew works until 1 598. In the seventeenth century Metaxa, a Greek, endeavoured to establish another printing office, but his attempt was defeated by the Jesuits, and an Armenian press brought from Venice was established here, which in a short time the janissaries received orders to destroy. The first printed Turkish book appears to have been a Turkish- Arabic Lexicon, 1726.
71 Cajcton Celebratfom
DENMARK.
SCHLESWIG.
522*.Colophon of the first Missal printed in Denmark. Schleswig: Stephen Amdes, i486. Lent by Henry Wilson, Esq.
A Facsimile.
Copenhagen, 1493. Three books are remaining which were executed here in the fifteenth century by Gothefridus de Ghemen.
523. SiiELANTZ Low. Tryckt i Kopehaffn. 1505. 4to.
ICELAND.
HOLUM, 1530. The first printing place in Iceland was established here imder the auspices of John Areson, Bishop of Reikiavik, by Matthiesson, a Swede, who brought with him a
erinting-press from his native country. The first edition of the Icelandic Bible (ex- ibited in Class C.) was printed in 1584.
523*.Title-page of Icelandic Code of Law. Holum, 1578.
Lent by Henry Wilson, Esq. A Facsimile.
5 23t.Colophon of Icelandic Code of Law. Holum, 1578.
Lent by Henry Wilson^ Esq. A Facsimile.
5 23 J. Illustration from the first Bible printed in Iceland, 1584.
Lent by Henry Wilson, Esq. A Facsimile.
UNITED STATES.
Cambridge, in Massachusetts, was the cradle of the art of printing in the United States. The first book printed here, the Bay Psalm Book, was produced in 1640^ by Stephen Daye, a printer, who left England with the Rev. Joseph Glover, a Non- conformist minister who proposed to establish a press in New England, but who died on the passage out. The Bay Psalm Book may be seen in the collection of Bibles.
Philadelphia, 1686.
William Bradford, of Leicester, in England, set up a press near this place, and in 1689 moved into the city. Benjamin Franklin commenced here the business of a printer on his own account, and continued it until 1765.
524. Analysis of a General Map of the Middle British Colonies in America, by Lewis Evans. 4to. Philadelphia, 1755. Printed by Benjamin Franklin and D. Hall. Lent by the Earl of Leicester
A present from Franklin to Thomas, Earl of Leicester. The inscription is in Franklin's handwriting when he was a printer at Philadelphia.
525. Cato Major. Prmted by Benj. Franklin. Lent by G. Tawse, Esq.
With presentation autograph from Franklin to General Washington.
Charles Bruce.
Cla00 B*— aDetelopment in jforeign Countn'ejsf* 73
Section V.
PRODUCTIONS OF NATIVE PRESSES IN THE EAST.
Lent by Nicolas Triibner^ Esq.
INDIA.
Bombay Presidency,
526. .^o^ A«ljbL. Shahnameh Firdusi. The Great Epic of Persia. Published at Bombay. With illustrations. In Persian.
527. Ramayana, the celebrated Poem of Valmiki, with a Commentary called Tilaka. Published at Bombay. In Sanskrit.
528. Bala Bhasha Vyakarana. A Prakrit Grammar. Published at Bombay. In Prakrit.
529. Oriental Eras. Published at Bombay. In Mahrathi.
530. Bhagavadgita. Bound in silk, Oriental style. Published at Bombay. In Sanskrit.
531. ViKRAMORVASi. Gujarathi edition. Published at Bombay. In Gujarathi.
532. Huzvaresh-Pehlevi Glossary. Published at Bombay. In Huz- varesh-Pehlevi.
533. Gujarathi Huzvaresch Glossary. Published at Bombay. In Gujarathi and Huzvaresh.
534. SiNDHi Primer. Published at Kurachee. In Sindhi.
North-western Provinces, Punjab, &c.
535. Kalid i Afghani. Published at Peshawar. In Afghan.
536. Adi Granth. The Sacred Book of the Sikhs. Published at Lahore. In Punjabi.
537. The Koran. Published at Luckhnow. i6mo. In Arabic
538. The Koran. Another edition. 8vo.
539. The Koran. Another edition. 4to.
540. .^jUil oLfc. Hyat i Afghani History of Afghan. Published at Lukhnow. In Hindustani.
541. .oUyiiJ' L-HilsP 'Ajatb Almakhiakdt The Wonders of Creation. With many coloured illustrations. Published at Lucknow. In Persian.
74 Carton Celebration.
542. .JLJL^^:^' As Sahih li Muslim hy Abul Husain Muslim ben al Hajjaj. Published at Mirtah. In Arabic.
543. .^jji^^ ^ Sahih al Buchari. The most celebrated of the six
great collections of the traditions about Muhammad. Published at Mirtah. In Arabic.
544. Geographical Description of the Panjab. Published at Lodiana. In Panjabi.
545. Brihat Jataka. An astronomical work. Published at Benares. In Sanskrit.
546. Kasika. Commentary on Panini. Published at Benares. In Sanskrit.
547. SiNGHASANA Battisi. Published at Benares. In Hindi.
548. Selections (Hindi) by Sivaprasad. Published at Benares. In Hindi.
549. . jil y^y^ Mizan-ul-Hugg. Controversy between Christians and Muhammedans. Published at Agra. In Persian.
550. -L^J*-* *s^ v:;bJi? Gulistan Scheich Sadi. Published at Delhi. In Persian.
551. Romanized Tibetan Dictionary. Published at Kyelang, in British Lahoul. In Tibetan.
Bengal.
552. Sabdakalpadruma. Large Sanskrit Dictionary, printed at Cal- cutta in Bengali characters. Part XVII. (Will be completed in about seven 4to. volumes.) In Sanskrit.
553. Vachaspatya. Sanskrit Dictionary by Taranatha Tarkavachas- pati. Part VIII. Published at Calcutta. In Sanskrit.
554. Vratamala. Published at Calcutta, In Bengali.
555. Uriya. Historical Books. Published at Serampore. In Uriya.
556. Dictionary. Assamese and English. Published by M. Bron- son at Sibsagor. In Assamese and English.
557. Bruckner, Javaansche Spraakkunst. Published at Serampore. In Javanese.
Madras.
558. Mahabharata. The great Epic Poem. Sanskrit printed in Telugu characters at Madras. Vol. I. In Sanskrit.
Cla00 B>— SDetjelopment in jforeign Countries. 75
559. DuKHNEE Unwari Soheilee. A Translation into the Dukhnee tongue of Unwari Soheilee. Published at Madras. In Dukhnee.
560. The Gural of Tiruvalluvar in Tamil. Printed at Madras. In Tamil.
561. Tamil Dictionary. Printed at Jaffna. In Tamil.
562. Malayalam Grammar, by Gundert. Printed at Mangalore. In Malayalam.
563. Bhaktisara. Printed at Mangalore. In Canarese.
564. Nagavarma's Canarese Prosody, by Kittel. Published at Man- galore. In Canarese.
565. Grammatica Canarico-Latina a Bouteloup. Published at Banga- lore. In Canarese.
Ceylon.
566. Balavataro. Pali Grammar in Cinghalese characters. Printed at Colombo. In Pali.
567. Singaleesch Boek. Published at Colombo. In Cinghalese.
British Burma,
568. Mahagarzathatgyee. Published at Rangoon. In Burmese.
569. Holy Bible in Sgau Karen. Published at Tavoy. In Karen.
SIAM.
570. Treaty of Friendship between Great Britain and Siam. Pub- lished at Bangkok. In Siamese.
INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. Batavia.
571. ..jfaJl J^\ Religious Book. Printed at Batavia. In Malay.
572. Riedel, Inih e Beke. Printed at Batavia. In Malay dialect.
573. New Testament. Printed at Singapore. In Malay.
CHINA.
574. K'ang-Hsi Tzu Tien. K'ang-Hsi's large Chinese Dictionary. 40 vols, in 6 cloth cases. Printed at Peking in 1 7 1 7. In Chinese.
575. New Testament in Chinese. 2 vols. Printed at Shanghai. In Chinese.
576. Chinese Bookseller's Catalogue of Works in Chinese, Mandschou, and Tibetan.
76 Cajcton Celebration*
577. Impressions from a Lapidary Inscription at Keu Young-Kwan, in six different kinds of character. In Chinese, &c
578. Map of Chinese Turkistan. Two sheets.
579. Chin Kang ku jo po lo mi ching. Buddhist Ritual. In Chinese.
JAPAN.
580. Yedo Encyclopaedia. 2 vols. Illustrated. In Japanese.
PERSIA.
581. The Koran, with Persian Interlinear Translation. Published at Teheran, 1260, a.h. In Arabic and Persian.
582. Scripture Geography and Chronology. In modem Syriac. Published by the Missionaries at Ooromiah, 1856. In modern Syriac
SYRIA AND PALESTINE.
583. .k^' kj^ Mohit ul Mohit. The Ocean of the Ocean. By Butrus al Bustany. Vol. I. Printed at Beyrout In Arabic.
584. .j\tti)l\ Jj\ Athar ul Adhar. General Dictionary in Arabic, by Selim Gibrail el Churi and Selim M. Shahadah. Parts i and 2. Printed at Beyrout. In Arabic.
585. .c)ji-i>ij» Tryodion. Liturgy in Arabic Published at Jerusalem. In Arabic.
TURKEY.
586. Ottoman Chronicles, by Vacif Effendi. Printed at Constanti- nople. In Turkish.
587. AvEDAPEZ. Protestant Armenian Newspaper. Published at Constantinople, 1859. In Armenian.
EGYPT.
588. .^j/Jl ^ Taj ul Ariis min jawahei il Qam{is. Large Arabic Dictionary. Five volumes hitherto published at Bulaq. In Arabic.
TUNIS.
589. .U»jll El Muwatti, by the Imam Mlllik Ibn Anas. Printed at Tunis. In Arabic.
Class C.
THE HISTORY OF PRINTING ILLUSTRATED
BY THE PRINTED BIBLE, 1450— 1877.
By Henry Stevens, g m b, f s a.
JHE secular history of the Holy Scriptures is the sacred history of Printing. The Bible was the first book printed, and the Bible is the last book printed. Between 1450 and 1877, an interval of four centuries and a quarter, the Bible shows the progress and comparative development of the art of printing in a manner that no other single book can ; and Biblical bibliography proves that during the first forty years, at least, the Bible exceeded in amount of printing all other books put together ; nor were its quality, style, and variety a whit behind its quantity.
The honour of producing the first, and, as many think, the most perfect book, is now ascribed to Gutenberg alone. Fust not coming in for a share of the credit of the invention until after his famous lawsuit in 1455, when the Bible had been finished. We call it, therefore, the Gutenberg Bible, and have no sympathy for any French name given to it simply because a copy found in a Paris library had the honour of being described by a French bookseller. After this suit, when Fust took over the business and associated Schoeffer with himself, there was probably a dispersion of the craft from Mentz to Bamberg, Strasburg, and other places, just as there subsequently was when Mentz in 1462 was besieged and taken by Adolphus, Duke of Nassau.
As the Art spread from Mentz throughout Germany, Italy, France, and
78 Cajcton Celebrarfon*
the Low Countries, the Bible was generally the first, or among the first books printed by each of the early printers, though unquestionably during the progress of these great volumes through the press the several presses threw off a variety of smaller pieces, especially Indulgences and other ty- pical or typographical aids of the Church, some of which perchance might bear dates earlier than the Bibles themselves, which were on the anvils at the same time.
Some half-dozen huge folio Bibles in Latin and German, besides the magnificent Psalters of 1457 and 1459, had appeared in type before a single volume of the Classics saw the " new lamp for the new learning." First and foremost of the ancient Classics came forth Cicero's De Officiis^ in 1465, a little volume about the size of the Book of Genesis, followed soon after by his De Oratore and Episiolce ad Familiares, Then came the ever-popular Virgil and Caesar in 1469, and Pliny the Elder the next year. Ovid followed in 147 1, and Valerius Maximus in 1472. Petrarch, Dante, and Boccaccio were fortunate enough among the modern classics to be set in type in 1470, 147 1, and 1472, while the Canterbury Tales of Chaucer appeared some five or six years later from the press of Caxton. The first book in Greek came from the Milan press in 1476, followed by the first Greek classic author, dear old ^sop, in 1480, while the great Homer himself (reminding one of his own grim joke of Poly- phemus) was held back and not devoured by the press till 1488.
In a word, up to the time of the discovery of America, m 1492, Colum- bus might have counted upon his fingers all the old classic authors (including Ptolemy and Strabo in their unbecoming Latin dress) who could throw any geographical light on the questions which the Great Discoverer was discussing with the theologians of Spain ; while, covering the same period, the editions of the Bible alone, and the parts thereof, in many languages and countries, will sum up not far less than one thousand, and the most of these of the largest and costliest kind.
We have been endeavouring for the last quarter of a century or more to compile as complete a list of printed Bibles and Parts of Bibles as possible from the earliest period to the present time, and the remarkable result is a table of some 30,000 titles, representing about 35,000 volumes. By throwing all this vast store of Biblical bibliography into one strictly chronological list, we see at a glance what Biblical work was going on in every part of the world under each year, or any given year, and compara- tively how the production of the Holy Scriptures in one country or language ranged with those of another. We see, for instance, that all the earliest printed Bibles were in the Latin Vulgate, the first complete edition of the Septuagint not having been issued from the press of Aldus till the year 15 18, the very year of the 14th German Bible.
The earliest printed Bibles in the modern European languages were the first and second German Bibles by Mentelin and Eggesteyn, of Strasburg,
Cla00 C— l^olp &cripturt0. 79
of rather uncertain date, but certainly not later than 1466. In 147 1 ap- peared at Venice two translations into Italian — the one by Malermi, printed by Vindelin de Spira, and the other by Nicolas Jenson. In 1477 was printed the first New Testament in French by Buyer, at Lyons, and the same year appeared the first edition of the Old Testament in Dutch, printed at Delft by Jacob Jacobs zoen and Mauritius Yemants zoen. In 1480 was published the splendid Bible in the Saxon or Low German language, from the press of Heinrich Quentel, of Cologne, followed by a second edition in 1491, and a third in 1494. The Psalms, in Dutch, first came out in 1480, in small octavo, and in Greek and Latin in 1481, while the first Hebrew Pentateuch appeared in 1482. The entire Bible done into French paraphrase was published by Guyard de Moulins in 1487. A full translation appeared in the Bohemian language, printed at Prague in 1488. The same year appeared the entire Old Testament in Hebrew from the press of Abraham ben Chayim de' Tintori, at Soncino.
This chronological arrangement shows us also many noteworthy points, such as that nearly all the earliest Bibles were huge folios ; that the first Bibles printed at Rome and Venice appeared in 147 1, and that the sixth German Bible by G. Zainer, in 1475, at Augsburg, was the first with the leaves folioed or numbered ; that the first quarto Bible appeared in 1475, printed by John Peter de Ferratis at Placentia, which was also the first book printed at Placentia; that the first of Coburger's celebrated Bibles appeared in Nuremberg in 1475, ^^^ that by the end of the cen- tury no less than thirteen large folio Bibles had come from this house alone ; that the four splendid Bibles printed in 1476 all bear the printers' signatures, though it is difficult to say with certainty which was the first — viz., that of Moravus at Naples, Jenson at Venice, Gering, Crantz, and Friburger at Paris, or that of F. de Hailbrun and N. de Frankfordia at Venice ; that the first Bible with a distinct title-page was printed at Venice, by George de Ravabenis in 1487, in small quarto ; and that the first Bible in small octavo, or " the poor man's Bible," was the earliest, or among the earliest books, from the press of Johann Froben, of Basle, in 1 49 1, and is certainly one of the neatest and tidiest Bibles in our Collection. This splendidly illuminated and bound copy is lent us from the Bodleian Library.
Prior to the discovery of America no less than twelve grand patri- archal editions of the entire Bible, being of several different transla- tions, appeared from time to time in the German language ; to which add the two editions by the Otmars of Augsburg of 1507 and 15 18, and we have the total number of no less than fourteen distinct large folio pre- Reformation, or ante-Lutheran Bibles. No other language except the Latin can boast of anything like this number.
As the discovery of America was the greatest of all discoveries, so the invention of the Art of Printing may be called the greatest of all in-
8o Caxton Celebration*
ventions. But no sooner had Columbus reported his grand discovery through the press than the Pope assumed the whole property in the un- known parts of the earth, and divided it all at once between the two little Powers in the Peninsula, wholly disregarding the rights and titles of the other nations of Europe. The same little game of assumption has been tried, from time to time, with regard to this great invention, but the press has a protective power within itself, which the Church can smother only with ignorance and mental darkness.
From this rapid survey it will be apparent that our earliest Bibles, many of them printed most sumptuously on vellum, must have each cost the price of a farm. Later they could be had for a cow, but now a morn- ing's milking of a cow will procure for a farmer a first-class well-bound Bible in his own language.
At this late day it is difficult to arrive at the precise dates of several of the earliest and most important printed Bibles, most of the dates having been first assumed by bibliographers without sufficient authority, and subsequently followed by others without inquiry. From an inscrip- tion by one Cremer, the illuminator and binder of the Gutenberg Bible, now in the National Library of Paris, we know positively that the book was printed before August, 1456. From another inscription in a copy of Pfister's Bible, also in the Paris Library, the work is assigned to Bamberg, before 1461, but the church register of Bamberg shows that this Bible was printed prior to March, 1460. More recently it has been announced and confirmed that the copy of the first of Mentelin's Latin Bibles, in the Library of Freiburg in Breisgau, bears an inscription by the rubricator showing that these important volumes had been printed prior to 1460 and 1461.
With these new data, and a new scrutiny by the light of recent biblio- graphy, and new comparisons of our undated Bibles with books of positive dates and known printers, brought together, like the present Caxton Memorial Collection, to say nothing of the great aid derived from our recent photo-bibliography, or means of safely comparing books in one library with those of another, it is to be hoped that the day of more exact bibliography is at hand. It will not surprise us to find that the order of printing of the first seven of the great German Bibles, all of which are without dates, may be hereafter somewhat modified, or that our new scrutiny may even yet develop new or unrecognized editions in every de- partment of Biblical research.
We therefore, for the extraordinary opportunity afforded us for com- paring and collating rare Bibles and other valuable books in this unique Caxton Memorial Collection, tender herewith our warmest thanks to each and all of our contributors, and more especially to Her Majesty the Queen, His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, the Earl Spencer, Earl of Jersey, Earl of Leicester, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Curators of the Bodleian
Cla52(0 C^—l^olp &tn'ptuct0. 8i
Library, the University Library, Cambridge, the University Library, Edin- burgh, Sion College, the British and Foreign Bible Society, the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, the Signet Library, Edinburgh, Mr. W. Amhurst Tys- sen-Amhurst, Mr. Francis Fry, Mr. David Laing, Mr. Thomas Longman, Mrs. Jolyffe, the Rev. Dr. Gott, Vicar of Leeds, the Dean of St. Paul's, Mr. Henry White, Rev. Dr. Ginsburg, Mr. M. Ridgway, Mr. E. S. Kowie, Mr. C. D. Sherborn, Mr. J. Mathers, Mr. George Tawse, Rev. L. B. Kaspar, Sir Charles Reed, Mr. H. Cleaver, the University Press, Cambridge, the University Press, Oxford, Mr. Thomas Stapleton, Mr. A. Gardyner, Messrs. Bagster and Sons, Messrs. Spottiswoode and Co., and others ; but still more are our thanks due to Mr. Henry J. Atkinson, who has liberally lent us above four hundred editions of :he Bible in all languages. Some of these editions are of very considerable rarity and value, while others, though not of the choicest or rarest kind, are, very many of them, of the middle class of Biblical Bibliography, which are so difficult to meet with and which are of such immense importance to the student in arriving at a clear history of editions, versions, and transla- tions. Scores of these editions are not in our national library, and we know not where else to lay our hands upon them.
Our collection boasts of nearly all the earliest and most famous Bibles and Psalters, together with representative editions of the later revisions, translations, versions, and languages down to the present time, to the extraordinary number of above one thousand editions. This unexpected and overwhelming liberaHty of our patrons has very nearly overwhelmed and buried the arranger and cataloguer, but he trusts that great biblio- graphical good will eventually result from this rare opportunity of com- parison, collation, and scrutiny. Rare Bibles, early New Testaments, the Psalms, and other parts of the Scriptures are, it is well known, scattered all over the country ; and we trust that people who possess them will bring or send up these lost children, and have them identified and pro- perly registered. We shall willingly undertake this additional labour for the sake of the opportunity of discovering new and hitherto undescribed editions.
The famous collection of Bibles in the Royal Library of Stuttgard is said to exceed eight thousand editions ; but by comparison of the catalogue of our present Caxton Celebration Collection with the catalogue by Adler, printed in 1787, the patient and curious reader will see that more than one-half of our collection is not represented at Stuttgard. So likewise of the extraordinarily rich collection of some five thousand titles of Bibles in the library of Wolfenbiittel. The collection of Bibles and parts thereof in the Lenox Library of New York in all languages, is pro- bably unsurpassed in rare and valuable editions, especially in the English language, by any library, public or private. Mr. Francis Fry, of Bristol, the indefatigable collector, has succeeded in bringing together above one
82 Ca;cton Celebration*
thousand editions of the English Bible, Testaments, Psalms, &c., most of them prior to 1700, to say nothing of above one hundred editions in ancient and foreign languages. The Rev. Dr. Ginsburg, of Wokingham, possesses a unique collection, astonishingly rich in early and rare Latin, German and Hebrew Bibles and parts thereof, including, we believe, the whole fourteen pre-Reformation German Bibles, and almost every edition of Luther's early Bibles and parts, the genuine as well as the counterfeit editions. Besides these his collection contains many other editions in other languages, both ancient and modern, to the extent, in all, of be- tween two and three thousand editions ; and, what is of infinite import- ance to Bible and bibliographical students, the Doctor makes his collection as free to them as to himself. But the Library of the British Museum to-day contains probably by far the richest collection of Bibles and Parts thereof in the world, numbering at present above sixteen thousand titles; but even this our Caxton Celebration Collection, so hastily brought together, contains very many editions not to be found in our national library.
Notwithstanding the active research of many eminent scholars for the last three centuries. Biblical Bibliography is even now but in its infancy. The subject is so vast that no general bibliographer can more than indicate certain special and prominent editions. It is now more than one hundred and fifty years since Le Long published in Latin the last edition of his bibliography of the Bible. The work was excellent in its day, but very imperfect in many departments, especially English. About a century ago Masch re-edited and vastly improved certain parts of Le Long, especially the editions of the Bible in the ancient languages. He left the work, however, unfinished ; so that for Bibles in most of the modern languages we have still to refer to Le Long.
In this brief sketch of the History of Printing, as illustrated by the reproduction of the Bible by moveable types, we have left ourselves space merely to allude to the first five editions of Erasmus's New Testa- ment in Greek and Latin, 1516-35, a work which marks the beginning of a new era in Biblical bibliography ; to the Psalter of Giustiniani in five languages, printed at Genoa in 15 16, with the first life of Columbus in the long note on the nineteenth Psalm, in which are given some im- portant particulars of Columbus's second voyage along the southern coast of Cuba, nowhere else to be found ; to the first Bible in Greek, the Septuagint from the press of Aldus of Venice, in 1518 ; and above all to the first Great Polyglot Bible of Cardinal Ximenes, printed at Alcala in six large folio volumes between the years 15 14 and 15 17, though not published till 1520, the most memorable monument of typo- graphy the world had yet seen. Nothing less than the inpouring wealth of the Indies, combined with the overbearing power of Ximenes, at that time could have collected the manuscripts, collated and edited them,
and printed these splendid volumes in such a sumptuous manner in the short space of fifteen years ! While Ximenes was building up this great monument in Spain, Wolsey was about building Hampton Court. Two Cardinal virtues ! It would be curious to inquire which cost the more money, the Polyglot or the Palace, and which won the greater honour !
This brings our nmning narration down to the time of Luther, Pro- testant Germany, and Scripture-hungry England. The presses of Caxton and his successors had been more than half-a-centur)' in operation, and yet not a chapter of the Bible had ever appeared, as such, printed in the English language. It is true that in his Golden Legend Caxton had printed in 1483 in English nearly the whole of the Pentateuch, and a great part of the Gospels, under the guise of the lives of Adam, Abraham, Moses, the Apostles, and others ; but all was mingled with so much of priestly gloss and dross that though probably read in churches it was never recognized as the Holy Scriptures. The Liber Festivalis of 1483 con- tained also some Scripture paraphrases ; and in 1509 Wynkyn de Worde printed a fine edition of the Apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus. These were the nearest approaches that the English people made to the printed Bible in our own tongue. It is true that many copies of the Bible and New Testament translated into English by Wycliffe and his followers were scattered throughout the country in manuscript, and had given educated people and persons of quality a taste of the Book of Books.
It is not unlikely that had not the bones of Wycliffe, buried in the little churchyard of Luttenvorth, been dug up and burnt, and his ashes cast into the Swift, by order of the Council of Constance, under the pious protective benevolence of the Church and priesthood, in the first quarter of the fifteenth century, Caxton in the last quarter of the same century might have begun in England his great work of printing, like most of the great printers of the Continent, with the Bible in his native tongue, and thus have modernized Wycliffe's Bible, and cast it into another and a rapider Swift.
But Caxton was prudent and wise, as well as a man of business. He had witnessed the storm, and recognized the obstructive and selfish power which gloried in mental darkness, and taught ignorance as the peculiar knowledge and birthright of the people. It was a part of the same piece of priestly wisdom that a few years later gave itself utterance in a sermon at Paul's Cross, in these ever-memorable words : " We must root out printing, or printing will root out us." So Caxton and his suc- cessors, taking the prudent and business-like course, printed what was most likely to sell in peace ; and so the Scriptures in our vernacular tongue saw not the dawn in England, but awaited the broad daylight of the Re- formation, in the second quarter of the sixteenth century, long after they were familiar to the Germans, the Italians, the Dutch, and the Bohemians.
The educated of England, however, were not ignorant of the Scrip-
84 Cajcton Celebratfon.
tures, for Coburger of Nuremberg, and probably other continental printers, had established warehouses in London, for the sale of Latin Bibles, as early as 1480, and perhaps earlier. There is an instructive letter in the Public Record Office from Coverdale and Grafton to Crom- well, written from Paris the 12th of September, 1538, in behalf of their host, Francis Regnault, who was then printing the "Great Bible" for them : " Where as of long tyme he [Regnault] hath bene an occupier into England more than xl. yere, he hath allwayes provyded soche bookes for England, as they moost occupied, so y* he hath a great nombre at this present in his handes as Prymers in Englishe, Missoles w' other soche like : wherof now (by y' company of y^ Booksellers in London) he is utterly forbydden to make sale, to the utter undoying of the man. Wherfore most humbly we beseke yo"^ lordshippe to be gracious and favourable unto him, y* he may have lycence to sell those which he hath done allready, so y* hereafter he prynte no moo in the english tong,
onlesse he have an english man y* is lerned, to be his correcto'
Yf yo' 1. shewe him this benefyte we shall not fare the worse in the readynesse and due expedicion of this yo' 1. worke of the Byble, which goeth well fonvarde, and within few moneths will drawe to an ende," etc.
From the time of Luther the Continent was filled with new and cheaper issues of the Bible and every part of it, not only in Latin and Greek, but in the modern languages. The history of Bible printing in Germany, Switzerland, and the Low Countries, though in many instances opposed and even prohibited, remains no secret or mystery. The French and Italians printed extensively in the ancient languages, but the Church managed to have small call for the Scriptures in the vulgar tongues which the people could read and comprehend. The history of Luther's own translations and publications of the Scriptures, 1522-34, first by instal- ments as fast as he could get the parts ready, then by revisions and complete works in 1534, is well known. But the bibliography of Luther's early pieces, counterfeits, reprints, &c., requires careful revision. Again, much is to be still settled in the Biblical bibliography of the many edi- tions of the Bible and parts thereof, in various languages, printed by Froschover of Zurich, from his little i6mo. Swiss-German Bible, in five vols, 1527-29, and his folio revision of Luther in five parts, 1525-29, the Prophets and Apocrypha done by Leo Jude, Zwingle, and others.
The story of the learned Robert Stephens and the printing of his Bibles and New Testaments in Paris, as told by the late M. Finnin Didot, is one of the most interesting in the literary history of printing and printers. Yet though encouraged, protected, and favoured by Francis as far as any king could protect a subject against the wiles of the Church, at last poor Stephens was driven in exile to Geneva for his Bibles and Testaments; so that to this day the Bibles and Testaments of Robert Stephens remain the glory and the shame of France.
Cla00 C— l^olp &criptureja(* 85
Germany was not only boiling over for liberty and free Scriptures, but scholars of advanced thoughts flocked thither from all parts of the world. But Flanders was the paradise of printers, and Antwerp, at this time, the very centre of it, because it enjoyed some special privileges for its citizens within their own dwellings, by which the Burgomaster could resist imperial authority, and disregard imperial emissaries. Any Belgian could print what he liked, and sell it if he could at home and abroad. Hence, disregarding the counsel of St. Paul, according to an old translator, against " making marchandize of the Word of God," it became an extensive and lucrative business of the Low Countries to supply England and France with printed Bibles and Testaments in their own languages. Besides this, the Flemings themselves fanned the Re- formation by producing a very large number of Bibles in their own language, for their own consumption, between 1520 and 1550, though the Emperor's Ordinance of 1529 was very stringent against heretical or Lutheran books and anonymous printing of all kinds, especially the Holy Scriptures in the vulgar tongues.
Finally the high tide of the Reformation reached England in 1526 in the shape of a beautiful New Testament in English by William Tyndale. The people soon got a taste of the Word of God in their own language, and a Christian Association was formed in London to read and circulate the Scriptures even in the Universities. Here read the stories of Garret and Dalaber. Within the first ten years probably as many as fifteen dis- tinct editions of Tyndale's New Testament in English, of not less than three thousand copies each, were printed and sold. Tyndale himself living abroad ran the gauntlet of persecution as few men had done, being driven from place to place for six or seven years, till he was found out and hunted down in 1534, imprisoned in May, 1535, and burnt in 1536. The public demand for his Testaments was very great, and no power could check their importation, sale, and consumption. Edition after edition appeared silently in England, but from whence nobody cared to inquire. They were certainly not printed in England. Tyndale himself was scented and ferreted out by English emissaries sent abroad for the purpose, and run down like a wolf Even his friends and fol- lowers in England who could be proved, to have read or to possess even a New Testament were also hunted through London and the Universi- ties as the greatest of criminals ; and this, too, even after the King had replaced the Pope and become the chief head of the Church of England. But all this raid and tirade of the learned doctors of divinity against Scripture readers only lowered the Church whilst it raised the people. Bibles, Psalms, Testaments, and other parts of the Bible thenceforth increased in England to an extent wholly unknown in any other country or nation. Though late in getting possession of themselves and their liberties, the people of England succeeded to a surprising degree ; basing
86 Carton Cclcbcation.
their rights and liberties more on their Bibles than anything else. No wonder, then, that the editions of the Bible in English, since 1535, have not only outnumbered those of any other jiation, but in the aggre- gate, including America, exceed those of all other languages.
With all these vast accumulations of Bibles and Biblical history, what is at present the extent of our positive knowledge concerning the history and production of our early English Bibles and Testaments prior to 1550, or even later? More than a hundred industrious writers from the time of Lewis to to-day, have ransacked every corner of Christendom in search of facts respecting Tyndale, Coverdale, and Rogers. In a wonderfully small degree they have gleaned a few items respecting the persecuted Tyndale and his New Testaments, but many of these facts require confirmation. As to Coverdale and our first Complete English Bible, finished the 4th of October, 1535, the most precious volume IN OUR LANGUAGE, what do we know? Absolutely next to nothing. The volume itself tells us the day it was finished, but where it was printed, or by whom, or for whom, or under what circumstances, no his- torian or bibliographer has as yet given us any trustworthy information. No literary mystery for the past three centuries has elicited so much inquiry, or so many investigators, especially of late and latest years ; yet up to the opening day of this Caxton Celebration, the 30th of June, 1877, all is but mere conjecture. Some have assigned the production of the volume to Lubeck, others to Frankfor